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Physiology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

what are the factors of passive transport (5)

A
  1. electrical and concentration gradient
  2. temperature
  3. membrane thickness/diffusion distance
  4. substance mass
  5. lipid solubility
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2
Q

what are the 2 types of fascilitated diffusion

A
  1. channel - mediated
  2. carrier - mediated
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3
Q

what type of molecules will utilise channel-mediated diffusion

A

highly charged molecules - soidium, potassium, chloride, and calcium ions

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4
Q

what type of molecules will utilise carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

large, polarm lipid-insoluble molecules eg glucose and amino acids

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of ion channels

A
  1. ligand-gated
  2. mechanically gated
  3. always open
  4. voltage gated
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6
Q

how does active transport differ to passive transport

A

energy (ATP) is needed to transport molecules against their electrochemical gradient

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7
Q

what does the NaK+ pump do

A

3 Na out
2 K+ in

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8
Q

what are the types of active transport (3)

A
  1. primary
  2. cotransport
  3. vesicular transport
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9
Q

what are the 3 types of vesicular transport

A
  1. endocytosis
  2. exocytosis
  3. transcytosis
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10
Q

what does the Krebs cycle produce

A
  1. 2 x ATP
  2. 6 xCO2
  3. 8 x NADH
  4. 2 x FADH
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10
Q

in cellular respiration, where is the ATP produced

A

glycolysis: 2 ATP
Krebs cycle: 2 ATP
electron transport chain: 32 ATP

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11
Q

3 facts about ribosomes

A
  1. made of RNA
  2. comprised of a large and a small subunit
  3. free in cytoplasm or bound to RER
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12
Q

prime job of the golgi complex (3)

A
  1. post-translational modification
  2. packaged into vesicle
  3. stored or secreted from the cell
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13
Q

DNA/RNA pyrimidines and purines

A

DNA: AT and GC
RNA: AU and GC
adenosine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA

A
  1. MRNA (and preMRNA)
  2. TRNA
  3. RRNA
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15
Q

what are the stages of protein synthesis

A
  1. transcription
  2. mRNA processing
  3. translation
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16
Q

what is helicase

A

opens DNA

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17
Q

what is RNA polymerase

A

binds at the promotor, leaves at the terminator

18
Q

what are the key things involved in mRNA processing

A
  • introns
  • exons
  • snRNPs aka spliceosomes
19
Q

in translation, what happens at:
* A site:
* P site:
* E site:

A
  • A site: tRNA is tested for a match
  • P site: the amino acid is transferred to the protein chain
  • E site: spent tRNA is ejected and recycled
20
Q

in DNA replication, what is primase for

A

it’s the initiator - lays down RNA primer

21
Q

what is the enzyme that works ahead of the replication fork to prevent supercoiling during DNA replication

A

topoisomerase

22
Q

which enzyme extends the primers in DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase III

23
Q

what seals the gaps between DNA fragments

A

DNA ligase

24
Q

interphase: what happens during G1 phase

A

duplicates organelles and synthesises proteins

25
Q

interphase: what happens during G1 phase

A

replicates organelles and synthesises proteins

26
Q

interphase: what happens during S phase

A

replication of DNA

27
Q

interphase: what happens during G2 phase

A

continues to grow and makes more proteins

28
Q

what happens in prophase

A
  1. chromatin condense - held together by centromere, surrounded by kinetochore
  2. nuclear membrane and nucleolus go
  3. centrioles move to poles
29
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes are led by mitotic spindles to metaphase plate

30
Q

what happens in anaphase

A
  1. chromosomes separate into sister chromatids
  2. chromosomes are pulled apart
31
Q

what happens in telophase

A
  1. nuclear envelope reforms, nucleus reappears
  2. chromosomes uncoil
  3. microtubules elongate cell, in preparation for cytokinesis
32
Q

when does cytokinesis occur

A

from midway through anaphase, throughto the end of telophase, forming 2 separate cells

33
Q

what regulatory proteins control the cell cycle

A

cyclins

34
Q

checkpoints: G1

A
  • restriction point
  • either stay at G1, revert to G0 or move onto next phase
35
Q

checkpoints: G2

A
  • requires a threshold level of a protein called M-Phase Promoting Factor
36
Q

checkpoints: M phase

A
  • occurs during metaphase
  • chromosomes must be successfully lined up along the metaphase plate for cell division to continue
37
Q

Meiosis: prophase I

A
  • chromosome condense and pair up
  • align with homolgue partner
  • criss-cross bits of DNA
38
Q

Meiosis: prophase II

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • spindles capture chromosomes
39
Q

Meiosis: metaphase II

A

chromosomes line up along metaphase plate

40
Q

Meiosis: anaphase II

A

sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles

41
Q

Meiosis: telophase II

A

nuclear membrane reform around each set of chromosomes

42
Q

Meiosis: cytokinesis

A

splits the chromosome sets into 4 new haploid cells, each chromosome having 1 chromatid

Physiology (14 decks)

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