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Physiology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

what are the factors of passive transport (5)

A
  1. electrical and concentration gradient
  2. temperature
  3. membrane thickness/diffusion distance
  4. substance mass
  5. lipid solubility
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2
Q

what are the 2 types of fascilitated diffusion

A
  1. channel - mediated
  2. carrier - mediated
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3
Q

what type of molecules will utilise channel-mediated diffusion

A

highly charged molecules - soidium, potassium, chloride, and calcium ions

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4
Q

what type of molecules will utilise carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

large, polarm lipid-insoluble molecules eg glucose and amino acids

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of ion channels

A
  1. ligand-gated
  2. mechanically gated
  3. always open
  4. voltage gated
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6
Q

how does active transport differ to passive transport

A

energy (ATP) is needed to transport molecules against their electrochemical gradient

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7
Q

what does the NaK+ pump do

A

3 Na out
2 K+ in

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8
Q

what are the types of active transport (3)

A
  1. primary
  2. cotransport
  3. vesicular transport
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9
Q

what are the 3 types of vesicular transport

A
  1. endocytosis
  2. exocytosis
  3. transcytosis
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10
Q

what does the Krebs cycle produce

A
  1. 2 x ATP
  2. 6 xCO2
  3. 8 x NADH
  4. 2 x FADH
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10
Q

in cellular respiration, where is the ATP produced

A

glycolysis: 2 ATP
Krebs cycle: 2 ATP
electron transport chain: 32 ATP

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11
Q

3 facts about ribosomes

A
  1. made of RNA
  2. comprised of a large and a small subunit
  3. free in cytoplasm or bound to RER
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12
Q

prime job of the golgi complex (3)

A
  1. post-translational modification
  2. packaged into vesicle
  3. stored or secreted from the cell
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13
Q

DNA/RNA pyrimidines and purines

A

DNA: AT and GC
RNA: AU and GC
adenosine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA

A
  1. MRNA (and preMRNA)
  2. TRNA
  3. RRNA
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15
Q

what are the stages of protein synthesis

A
  1. transcription
  2. mRNA processing
  3. translation
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16
Q

what is helicase

A

opens DNA

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17
Q

what is RNA polymerase

Study These Flashcards
A

binds at the promotor, leaves at the terminator

18
Q

what are the key things involved in mRNA processing

Study These Flashcards
A
  • introns
  • exons
  • snRNPs aka spliceosomes
19
Q

in translation, what happens at:
* A site:
* P site:
* E site:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • A site: tRNA is tested for a match
  • P site: the amino acid is transferred to the protein chain
  • E site: spent tRNA is ejected and recycled
20
Q

in DNA replication, what is primase for

Study These Flashcards
A

it’s the initiator - lays down RNA primer

21
Q

what is the enzyme that works ahead of the replication fork to prevent supercoiling during DNA replication

Study These Flashcards
A

topoisomerase

22
Q

which enzyme extends the primers in DNA replication

Study These Flashcards
A

DNA polymerase III

23
Q

what seals the gaps between DNA fragments

24
interphase: what happens during G1 phase
duplicates organelles and synthesises proteins
25
interphase: what happens during G1 phase
replicates organelles and synthesises proteins
26
interphase: what happens during S phase
replication of DNA
27
interphase: what happens during G2 phase
continues to grow and makes more proteins
28
what happens in prophase
1. chromatin condense - held together by centromere, surrounded by kinetochore 2. nuclear membrane and nucleolus go 3. centrioles move to poles
29
what happens in metaphase
chromosomes are led by mitotic spindles to metaphase plate
30
what happens in anaphase
1. chromosomes separate into sister chromatids 2. chromosomes are pulled apart
31
what happens in telophase
1. nuclear envelope reforms, nucleus reappears 2. chromosomes uncoil 3. microtubules elongate cell, in preparation for cytokinesis
32
when does cytokinesis occur
from midway through anaphase, throughto the end of telophase, forming 2 separate cells
33
what regulatory proteins control the cell cycle
cyclins
34
checkpoints: G1
* restriction point * either stay at G1, revert to G0 or move onto next phase
35
checkpoints: G2
* requires a threshold level of a protein called M-Phase Promoting Factor
36
checkpoints: M phase
* occurs during metaphase * chromosomes must be successfully lined up along the metaphase plate for cell division to continue
37
Meiosis: prophase I
* chromosome condense and pair up * align with homolgue partner * criss-cross bits of DNA
38
Meiosis: prophase II
* chromosomes condense * nuclear envelope breaks down * spindles capture chromosomes
39
Meiosis: metaphase II
chromosomes line up along metaphase plate
40
Meiosis: anaphase II
sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles
41
Meiosis: telophase II
nuclear membrane reform around each set of chromosomes
42
Meiosis: cytokinesis
splits the chromosome sets into 4 new haploid cells, each chromosome having 1 chromatid

Physiology (14 decks)

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