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Physiology > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 12 cranial nerves

A
  1. olfactory S
  2. optic S
  3. occulomotor M eye
  4. trochlear M oblique eye
  5. trigeminal S&M face & mastication
    6.abducent - M ext rectus eye
    7.facial M
    8.auditory (vestibulococklear) S ear
  6. glossopharangeal S&M mouth
    10.vagus M&S lots!! heart, lungs, breathing, ear
    11.spinal accessory M trapezius
    12.hypoglossal M tongue
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2
Q

what are the main parts of the neuron

A
  • soma
  • dendrite
  • axon
  • axon terminal
  • axoplasm
  • axolemma
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3
Q

what are the basic neuron types

A
  1. bipolar
  2. unipolar
  3. multipolar
  4. pyrimidal
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4
Q

what are the types of protein channels in the neuron membrane

A
  1. leakage
  2. mechanically gated
  3. ligand gated
  4. voltage gated
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5
Q

outline the phase of the action potential

A
  1. resting
  2. threshold or stimulus
  3. rising or depolarization
  4. falling or repolarization
  5. undershoot or hyperpolarization
  6. recovery
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6
Q

what is the action potential threshold

A

-55mV

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7
Q

what is the maximum mV the action action potential reaches

A

30mV

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8
Q

which channels open at -55mV

A

voltage gated sodium channels
(they close 1millisecond after they open, stopping the inward rush of sodium

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9
Q

which channels open when the AP reaches +30 mV

A

the voltage gated potassium channels open, leading to repolarization phase

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10
Q

what happens during hyperpolarization

A

prolonged outflow of potassium ions causes the potential difference to reach -90 mV;
the sodium-potassium gates close, and the sodium-potassium pump and leakage channels restore resting concentrations of sofium and potassium ions, allowing the membrane to return to a resting state of -70mV

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11
Q

what are the 3 main neuroglia we are concerned with

A
  1. schwann cells - myelin
  2. oligodendrocytes - myelin
  3. ependymal cells - secrete and absorb CSF
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12
Q

what sits between the schwann cells

A

the node of ranvier

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13
Q

how is the AP transmitted

A
  1. reaches presynaptic terminal
  2. depolarization opens ion channels, allowing calcium into cell
  3. triggers release of neurotransmitters
  4. they bind to receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane
  5. opening/closing causes change in postsynaptic membrane potential
  6. AP propagate through next cell
  7. neurotransmitter is anactivated or transported back into presynaptic terminal
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14
Q

what are the largest family of integral membrane proteins

A

g-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)

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15
Q

what are the layers of meninges

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid
  3. pia mater
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16
Q

where is the epidural and subdural space

A

above and below the dura mater

17
Q

in the spine, where are the sensory and motor pathways

A

sensory: posterior
motor: anterior

18
Q

what is white matter and grey matter

A

white: axons
grey: main body of the neuron

19
Q

how is the brain broadly divided

A
  1. forebrain
  2. midbrain
  3. hindbrain
20
Q

where is the hypothalamus and pituitary gland located in the brain

A

in the forebrain, part of the limbic system

21
Q

where is the hypothalamus and pituitary gland located in the brain

A

in the forebrain, part of the limbic system

22
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A
  1. maintain BP, temperature, fluids, weight, hormones
  2. regulates consciousness, sleep and alertness
  3. emotions, facilitates memory storage and retrieval
  4. links conscious rational brain with unconscious autonomic
23
Q

what is the prime function of the cerebrum

A

high intellectual function

24
Q

what is the main function of the midbrain

A
  • vision
  • hearing
  • motor control
  • sleep, wakefulness, arousal
  • temperature regulation
25
Q

what happens in the midbrain

A
  1. motor tracts pass up
  2. sensory tracts pass down
  3. red nuclei connect forebrain to crerbellum
  4. substantia nigra - dopaminergic cells
  5. planning movement
26
Q

whats in the hindbrain

A
  • pons and medulla oblongata - automatic functions
  • pathway between crebral structures and spinal cord
  • cerebellum
27
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum

A
  • balance
  • equilibrium
  • fine movements
  • proprioception
  • motor learning, muscle memory
28
Q

what are the receptors of the PNS

A
  1. thermoreceptors
  2. photoreceptors
  3. chemoreceptors
  4. mechanoreceptors
  5. nocireceptors
29
Q

how will upper and lower motor neuron lesions affect tendon reflexes

A

upper lesion with cause hyperreflexia
lower lesion will cause hyporelexia

30
Q

where does the sympathic nervous system originate

A

in the thoracolumbar area, in the ganglia infront of the spinal cord

31
Q

where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate

A

craneosacral area

32
Q

what cells are in the ganglia

A

preganglionic and postganglionic

33
Q

what is the mneumonics for cranial nerves

A

nerves: oh, oh,oh, to touch and feel a girl’s vagina, such heaven
S/M/B: some say money matters, but my brother says big boobs matter more

34
Q

sympathetic:
parasympathetc:

A
  • fight or flight
  • rest and digest
    both can be stimulated by emotions

Physiology (14 decks)

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