Neurology Flashcards
what are the 12 cranial nerves
- olfactory S
- optic S
- occulomotor M eye
- trochlear M oblique eye
- trigeminal S&M face & mastication
6.abducent - M ext rectus eye
7.facial M
8.auditory (vestibulococklear) S ear - glossopharangeal S&M mouth
10.vagus M&S lots!! heart, lungs, breathing, ear
11.spinal accessory M trapezius
12.hypoglossal M tongue
what are the main parts of the neuron
- soma
- dendrite
- axon
- axon terminal
- axoplasm
- axolemma
what are the basic neuron types
- bipolar
- unipolar
- multipolar
- pyrimidal
what are the types of protein channels in the neuron membrane
- leakage
- mechanically gated
- ligand gated
- voltage gated
outline the phase of the action potential
- resting
- threshold or stimulus
- rising or depolarization
- falling or repolarization
- undershoot or hyperpolarization
- recovery
what is the action potential threshold
-55mV
what is the maximum mV the action action potential reaches
30mV
which channels open at -55mV
voltage gated sodium channels
(they close 1millisecond after they open, stopping the inward rush of sodium
which channels open when the AP reaches +30 mV
the voltage gated potassium channels open, leading to repolarization phase
what happens during hyperpolarization
prolonged outflow of potassium ions causes the potential difference to reach -90 mV;
the sodium-potassium gates close, and the sodium-potassium pump and leakage channels restore resting concentrations of sofium and potassium ions, allowing the membrane to return to a resting state of -70mV
what are the 3 main neuroglia we are concerned with
- schwann cells - myelin
- oligodendrocytes - myelin
- ependymal cells - secrete and absorb CSF
what sits between the schwann cells
the node of ranvier
how is the AP transmitted
- reaches presynaptic terminal
- depolarization opens ion channels, allowing calcium into cell
- triggers release of neurotransmitters
- they bind to receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane
- opening/closing causes change in postsynaptic membrane potential
- AP propagate through next cell
- neurotransmitter is anactivated or transported back into presynaptic terminal
what are the largest family of integral membrane proteins
g-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
what are the layers of meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid
- pia mater
where is the epidural and subdural space
above and below the dura mater
in the spine, where are the sensory and motor pathways
sensory: posterior
motor: anterior
what is white matter and grey matter
white: axons
grey: main body of the neuron
how is the brain broadly divided
- forebrain
- midbrain
- hindbrain
where is the hypothalamus and pituitary gland located in the brain
in the forebrain, part of the limbic system
where is the hypothalamus and pituitary gland located in the brain
in the forebrain, part of the limbic system
what is the function of the hypothalamus
- maintain BP, temperature, fluids, weight, hormones
- regulates consciousness, sleep and alertness
- emotions, facilitates memory storage and retrieval
- links conscious rational brain with unconscious autonomic
what is the prime function of the cerebrum
high intellectual function
what is the main function of the midbrain
- vision
- hearing
- motor control
- sleep, wakefulness, arousal
- temperature regulation
what happens in the midbrain
- motor tracts pass up
- sensory tracts pass down
- red nuclei connect forebrain to crerbellum
- substantia nigra - dopaminergic cells
- planning movement
whats in the hindbrain
- pons and medulla oblongata - automatic functions
- pathway between crebral structures and spinal cord
- cerebellum
what is the role of the cerebellum
- balance
- equilibrium
- fine movements
- proprioception
- motor learning, muscle memory
what are the receptors of the PNS
- thermoreceptors
- photoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- mechanoreceptors
- nocireceptors
how will upper and lower motor neuron lesions affect tendon reflexes
upper lesion with cause hyperreflexia
lower lesion will cause hyporelexia
where does the sympathic nervous system originate
in the thoracolumbar area, in the ganglia infront of the spinal cord
where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate
craneosacral area
what cells are in the ganglia
preganglionic and postganglionic
what is the mneumonics for cranial nerves
nerves: oh, oh,oh, to touch and feel a girl’s vagina, such heaven
S/M/B: some say money matters, but my brother says big boobs matter more
sympathetic:
parasympathetc:
- fight or flight
- rest and digest
both can be stimulated by emotions
