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Physiology > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what are the key parts of smell

A
  • olfactory bulb
  • olfactory epithelium
  • olfactory tract
  • basal cells, act as stem cells, replenishing constantly
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2
Q

outline in brief how we turn chemical particles into smell

A
  • olfactory bulb, lots of neuron
  • to olfactory nerve
  • chemical particles get translated into AP
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3
Q

what flavours can we taste

A
  1. umami
  2. sour
  3. sweet
  4. bitter
  5. salty
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4
Q

where are the cells that produce the AP in smell

A

in the olfactory epithelium

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5
Q

what do olfactory supporting cells do

A

provide support, nourishment and insulation tot he receptor cells in the epithelium

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6
Q

what does the olfactory gland (or bowmans gland) do

A

makes mucus, that disolves odorants

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7
Q

what makes up the olfactory bulb

A

ganglionated neurons, known as glomeruli

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8
Q

olfactory transduction

A
  • impulse in olfactory receptor cell
  • to olfactory nerve fibres
  • to olfactory nerve
  • to olfactory bulb
  • to olfactory tract
  • to primary olfactory cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus
  • this will form associations of smell to sound and vision
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9
Q

what happens when oderant molecules are inhaled

A
  • dissolve in nasal mucus
  • bind to a protein, coupled with a G-Protein
  • activates adenylate cyclase
  • produces cylclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
  • activate ion channels and generate AP
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10
Q

what are the key components involved in taste

A
  1. papilla
  2. taste hairs
  3. taste pore
  4. basal cells
  5. gustatory cell
  6. transitional cell
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11
Q

what type of taste papilla are there

A
  1. cirumvallate papilla
  2. fungiform papilla
  3. filiform papilla
  4. foliate papilla
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12
Q

what are the main cells of taste

A

gustatory

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13
Q

which cranial nerves are involved in taste

A
  1. glossopharangeal (IX)
  2. vagus (X)
  3. facial nerves (VIII)
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14
Q

in taste, what is direct passage

A
  • the passing of ions into the cell through ion channels in the plasma membrane
  • associated with sallty and sour tastants, sodium and gydrogen ions
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15
Q

what are the 2 passages of taste

A
  1. direct passage
  2. g protein coupled receptor mechanism
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16
Q

what tastes are associated with the g protein coupled mechanism

A
  • bitter, sweet and umami tastants
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17
Q

how do taste chemicals get translated

A
  1. gustatory receptor cells send impulse to
  2. glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), facial nerve (VII) and vagus nerve (X)
  3. that goes to the medulla oblongate: gustatory nucleus
  4. to thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system
  5. to primary gustatory area
18
Q

what are the key cells involved in vision, and where are they

A

photoreceptor cells, in the retina
* rods - light
* cones - colour

19
Q

what is the name for dilated and contracted pupil

A
  1. mydriasis
  2. miosis
20
Q

what are the 2 types of vision

A
  1. peripheral
  2. central/ focal
21
Q

what are the 2 types of fluid in the eye

A
  1. vitreous - posterior chamber
  2. aqueous - anterior chamber
22
Q

what colours do we see

A

red
green
blue

23
Q

what is the function of the iris and pupil

A

to adjust the amount of light that goes into the eye

24
Q

in vision, what does accomodation mean

A

focus the light on the back of the retina

25
Q

what is the job of the lens

A

refract the light and focus it

26
Q

what are the muscles called that adjust the curvature of the lens

A

the ciliary muscle

27
Q

what is the optic chiasma

A

it’s where the visual information crosses to the opposite side

28
Q

in vision, where is the AP potential formed that travels to the optic nerve

A

in the rods and cones

29
Q

where is the blind spot

A

the optic disc

30
Q

which cranial nerves are involved with vision

A

II optic nerve
III oculomotor
IV trochlear
VI abducent

31
Q

what type of receptors are found in the ear

A

mechanoreceptors - they react to movement and pressure to trigger an AP

32
Q

what are the key structures of the ear

A

tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles
cochlear
vestibular apparatus
organ of Corti

33
Q

which cranial nerves are involved in the ear

A

VIII vestibulocochlear - inner ear
X vagus nerve - external ear

34
Q

what is the role of the eustachian tube

A

to prevent excess pressure

35
Q

what is the job of the last ossicle (in the inner ear)

A

it sends the sound vibrations through the oval window into the tympanic canal (which is filled with fluid) and out through the vestibular canal and exits through the round
window

36
Q

where is the organ of corti and what does it do

A

between the timpanic and vestibular canal, in the cochlear duct; special cells with tentacles translate vibration into different frequencies that transmit AP

37
Q

which nerve is the organ of corti connected to

A

VIII vestibuleocochlear

38
Q

what is within the fluid in the semicircular canals, and why is it there

A

the fluid contains minerals; the movement of the mineral particles - otoliths - helps us perceive movement

39
Q

what is the anatomy of the vestibular system

A
  • semicircular canals
    anterior, posterior and lateral
  • membranous ampulae
  • ultricle
  • saccule
40
Q

which cells tranlate the movement signals in the ear

A

bending stereo cilia - crista hair cells
axons of vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear

41
Q

what is the crista in the inner ear

A

the sensory organ of rotation

Physiology (14 decks)

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