Special Senses Flashcards
what are the key parts of smell
- olfactory bulb
- olfactory epithelium
- olfactory tract
- basal cells, act as stem cells, replenishing constantly
outline in brief how we turn chemical particles into smell
- olfactory bulb, lots of neuron
- to olfactory nerve
- chemical particles get translated into AP
what flavours can we taste
- umami
- sour
- sweet
- bitter
- salty
where are the cells that produce the AP in smell
in the olfactory epithelium
what do olfactory supporting cells do
provide support, nourishment and insulation tot he receptor cells in the epithelium
what does the olfactory gland (or bowmans gland) do
makes mucus, that disolves odorants
what makes up the olfactory bulb
ganglionated neurons, known as glomeruli
olfactory transduction
- impulse in olfactory receptor cell
- to olfactory nerve fibres
- to olfactory nerve
- to olfactory bulb
- to olfactory tract
- to primary olfactory cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus
- this will form associations of smell to sound and vision
what happens when oderant molecules are inhaled
- dissolve in nasal mucus
- bind to a protein, coupled with a G-Protein
- activates adenylate cyclase
- produces cylclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
- activate ion channels and generate AP
what are the key components involved in taste
- papilla
- taste hairs
- taste pore
- basal cells
- gustatory cell
- transitional cell
what type of taste papilla are there
- cirumvallate papilla
- fungiform papilla
- filiform papilla
- foliate papilla
what are the main cells of taste
gustatory
which cranial nerves are involved in taste
- glossopharangeal (IX)
- vagus (X)
- facial nerves (VIII)
in taste, what is direct passage
- the passing of ions into the cell through ion channels in the plasma membrane
- associated with sallty and sour tastants, sodium and gydrogen ions
what are the 2 passages of taste
- direct passage
- g protein coupled receptor mechanism
what tastes are associated with the g protein coupled mechanism
- bitter, sweet and umami tastants
how do taste chemicals get translated
- gustatory receptor cells send impulse to
- glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), facial nerve (VII) and vagus nerve (X)
- that goes to the medulla oblongate: gustatory nucleus
- to thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system
- to primary gustatory area
what are the key cells involved in vision, and where are they
photoreceptor cells, in the retina
* rods - light
* cones - colour
what is the name for dilated and contracted pupil
- mydriasis
- miosis
what are the 2 types of vision
- peripheral
- central/ focal
what are the 2 types of fluid in the eye
- vitreous - posterior chamber
- aqueous - anterior chamber
what colours do we see
red
green
blue
what is the function of the iris and pupil
to adjust the amount of light that goes into the eye
in vision, what does accomodation mean
focus the light on the back of the retina
what is the job of the lens
refract the light and focus it
what are the muscles called that adjust the curvature of the lens
the ciliary muscle
what is the optic chiasma
it’s where the visual information crosses to the opposite side
in vision, where is the AP potential formed that travels to the optic nerve
in the rods and cones
where is the blind spot
the optic disc
which cranial nerves are involved with vision
II optic nerve
III oculomotor
IV trochlear
VI abducent
what type of receptors are found in the ear
mechanoreceptors - they react to movement and pressure to trigger an AP
what are the key structures of the ear
tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles
cochlear
vestibular apparatus
organ of Corti
which cranial nerves are involved in the ear
VIII vestibulocochlear - inner ear
X vagus nerve - external ear
what is the role of the eustachian tube
to prevent excess pressure
what is the job of the last ossicle (in the inner ear)
it sends the sound vibrations through the oval window into the tympanic canal (which is filled with fluid) and out through the vestibular canal and exits through the round
window
where is the organ of corti and what does it do
between the timpanic and vestibular canal, in the cochlear duct; special cells with tentacles translate vibration into different frequencies that transmit AP
which nerve is the organ of corti connected to
VIII vestibuleocochlear
what is within the fluid in the semicircular canals, and why is it there
the fluid contains minerals; the movement of the mineral particles - otoliths - helps us perceive movement
what is the anatomy of the vestibular system
- semicircular canals
anterior, posterior and lateral - membranous ampulae
- ultricle
- saccule
which cells tranlate the movement signals in the ear
bending stereo cilia - crista hair cells
axons of vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear
what is the crista in the inner ear
the sensory organ of rotation
