The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Which system consists of the heart and blood vessels?
the cardiovascular system
Which system consist of the heart, blood vessels, AND the blood?
the circulatory system
List the vague series of steps that describes the cirulation of fluid around the body.
1) bloodstream
2) tissue fluid
3) lymphatic vessels
4) bloodstream
Introduction
Which system can be included with the circulatory system besides the cardiovascular system?
the lymphatic system
Which system consists of the blood and blood-forming tissues?
the hematologic system
The heart lies within a thick partition called the ____ between the two lungs.
mediastinum
(meh-dee-uh-sten-uhm)
What are all structures which are housed in the mediastinum?
- heart
- esophagus
- trachea
- aorta
- other stuctures
What is the uppermost end of the heart called?
the broad base
What is the lower, bluntly pointed end of the heart called?
the apex
Which structure or organ does the apex of the heart rest just above?
the diaphram
Where does most of the heart lie in relation to the body’s medial plane?
left of the medial plane
What is the outermost layer of the heart called?
pericardial sac
Describe the pericardial sac and how it aids in the function of the heart.
It is a loose-fitting fibrous covering for the heart and it isolates it from other organs in the thoracic cavity. It also secretes lubricating pericardial fluid to allow the heart to beat with minimal friction. Finally, it prevents excessive expansion by giving the heart room to beat.
isolates, secretes pericardial fluid, and prevents excessive expansion
The heart consisted of ____ chambers seperated by ____ walls.
4; muscular
What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?
right and left atrium
Which chambers of the heart receive blood returing from circulation?
right and left atrium
What is the the thin muscular wall called that seperates the two atriums in the heart?
interatrial septum
What are the lower chambers of the heart called?
right and left ventricles
What isthe thick muscular wall called that seperates the right and left ventricles?
interventricular septum
What are the two valves called which control the flow of blood between the artium and ventricle?
atrioventricular valves
What are the flaps of atrioventricular valves called?
cusps
What is the right atriventricular valve called?
tricuspid valve
What is the left atrioventricular valve called?
bicuspid valve
it has 2 cusps
Which artery does the right ventricle pump blood through?
pulmonary trunk
Which artery does the left ventricle pump blood trhough?
aorta
Which valve regulates blood flow into the pulmonary trunk?
pulmonary valve
Which valve regulates blood flow into the aorta?
aortic valve
What is the upper vein which brings deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle of the heart?
vena cava
What is the purpose of valves in the heart?
It prevents backflow of blood in the heart. It ensures blood moves in a one-way fashion.
What are the three layers of the heart?
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
What is the external-most layer of the heart?
epicardium
What is the name and kind of epithelium that the epicardium consists of?
mesothelium; simple squamous epithelium
What is the physical appearance of the epicardium in some places?
it is thin and transparent
What are the two main components of the epicardium?
mesothelium and areolar tissue
When looking through the epicardium, there are some places where you can see through to the myocardium. When you cannot see through to the myocardium, which kind of tissue blocks your view?
thick deposits of adipose tissue
Because of the many deposits of adipose tissue, the heart is considered a rather ____ organ.
fatty
There are three major grooves on the surface of the heart. What is the overarching term for these grooves?
sulci
Which sulci of the heart encircles the base of the heart?
coronary sulcus
Which sulci of the heart decends the front of the heart as an oblique groove running towards the apex?
anterior interventricular sulcus
Which sulci of the heart cooresponds to the anterior interventricular sulcus?
posterior interventricular sulcus
Which kind of tissue is the most prevalent in the sulci (major grooves) of the heart?
adipose tissue
What structures does fat cusion in the sulci of the heart?
coronary arteries and nerves
What is the layer directly under the epicardium called which is composed of areolar tissue and adiposed tissue called?
subepicardial layer
What is the middle (and thickest) layer of the heart called?
myocardium
Which kind of muscle composes the myocardium and what is the primary cell which makes up this muscle?
cardiac muscle; cardiocytes AKA cardiomyocytes
What gives the myocardium its “stringy” look?
the cardiac muscle arranged in fasicles
The muscles contractions of the heart work in a ____ fashion.
rhythmic
What is the inner lining of the heart called?
endocardium
What are the structures within the heart that the endocardium forms a glossy surface layer for?
chambers and cusps of valves
What is the name and kind of epithelium that the endocardium consists of?
endothelium; simple squamous epithelium
What kind of tissue underlies the endothelium in the heart? What is this tissue layer sometimes referred to as?
areolar tissue; subendocardial layer
Which kind of fibers are unique to the endocardium, or subendocardial layer, of the heart ?
Purkinje fibers
What is the coiled pattern called in which the myocardial muscle fasicles form, spiraling towards the apex?
myocardial vortex
What does the twisting fashion of the heart do to the blood that is pumped from the heart?
it ensures an effective **ejection of blood **from the heart
Are cardiocytes in the musclar layers of the heart arranged in a fixed or sporatic orientation?
sporatic orientation
What are the regions of the heart wall which are composed of dense fibrous connective tissue?
cardiac skeleton
Which kind of connective tissue is the cardiac skeleton composed of?
dense fibrous connective tissue
The cardiac skeleton encircles the bases of the aorta and pulomary trunk in rings called what?
anuli fibrosi
“fibrous rings”