Connective Tissue Flashcards
What are the four types of connective tissues?
- connnective tissue proper
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
What are the four types of fibrous connective tissues?
- areolar tissue
- reticular connective tissue
- dense regular conective tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue
Connective tissue also consists of ____ tissue which provides support such as cartilage and ____.
adipose; bone
Which kind of connective tissue consists of blood and hemopoietic tissue?
transport tissue
List different things that all connective tissues have in common.
1) composed of cells, fibers & ground substance
2) ECM > cells
3) non-contiguous cells
4) variable vascularity
5) has lymphatics and nerve endings
6) binds organs together
What is derived from the mesoderm and is located between the ectoderm and the endoderm?
mesenchyme
Describe the types of cells found in the mesenchyme.
- fusiform or stellate
- pluripotent mesenchymal cells
- Can differentiate into any kind of mature connective tissue and smooth or cardiac muscle (not skeletal)
Describe the ground substance found in the mesenchyme.
amporphous spongy consistency
Produces fiber and ground substance. May be the only cell present (tendon). Commonly spindle-shaped (fusiform). The MAIN type of cell.
fibroblasts
Phagocytic & antigen-presenting cells. Descended from monocytes of blood, or monocyte stem cells. Requires special staining or appearance of phagocytized material to be distinguishable in tissue sections. “Big eater”. In the spleen, they go dark.
macrophages (histiocytes)
alveolar macrophages in human lung eating coal dust
Use the bloodstream as a “subway” to “get to work”. They live most of their lives in connective tissues. They can be difficult to distinguish.
Wandering leukocytes (WBCs)
Develops from B-lympocytes. Secrete antibodies.
Plasma cells
Connective tissue cells similar to blood basophils. Secrete histimine and heparin in inflammatory response. Often seen alongside blood vessels in areolar tissue.
mast cells
Heparin is an anticoagulant such as blood vessels
Can be found singly or in small clusters in loose connective tissue. If dominant, becomes adipose tissue. Eccentric nucleus; rim of cytoplasm around a triglyceride globule.
Fat cells (adipocytes)
What is the difference between white and brown fat?
- white fat - one globule in the cell
- brown fat - multiple globules within the cell
This type of connective tissue is the most abundant protein in the body, composing 30% of dry weight.
collagen fibers
Collagen fibers can be ____ and ____ striated. What are the three stains that they can possibly be?
longitudinally; transversely
pink, green, and blue
- has collagen (2000 amino acids)
- rich in hydroxyproline (~10%)
- 2 polypeptides twisted together to form a triple helix
the helix is composed of 1 microfibril of tropocollagen
collagenous fiber
- Composed of elastin and glycosaminoglycans
- Much thinner than most collagen fibers
- May freely branch and anatomose
- May form sheets in arteries
elastic fibers
- is composed of type III collagen fibers coated with carbohydrates
- is argyrophilic
- extensively branched
reticular fiber
lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, adipose tissue
Which kind of genetic disease is caused by mutations in the fibrillin 1(FBN1) gene? Symptoms include long limbs, spindly fingers, and a sunken chest.
Marfan syndrome
In the plasma membrane, what is composed of ONE corkscrew fiber?
proteoglycan
In the plasma membrane, what is composed of TWO corkscrew fibers?
integrin
Types of Loose Connective Tissue
- Is found in almost every organ of the body
- Has a network of linkages in the tissue spread
- Has a spongy appearance in a tissue section
- Very open structure
areolar tissue
ex. fibroblasts
Types of Loose Connective Tissue
- found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
- Reticular fibers dominate this structure
- Has lympgoblasts
reticular tissue
Type of Loose Connective Tissue
- Can be ligaments, aponeurons, and tendons
- Collagen fibers arranged in a linear parallel fashion
Dense regular connective tissue
Types of Loose Connective Tissue
- Can be in the dermis
- Collagen is not parallel with one another
Dense irregular connective tissue
Type of Loose Connective Tissue
- Two kinds: white fat and brown fat
adipose tissue (fat)
Name the adipose tissue:
- is ONE fat globule within the cell
- acts as a source of energy for the body to use
- the most common
white fat
Name the adipose tissue:
- is MULTIPLE fat globules within the cell
- Acts as a source of heat
- Usually found in hibernating animals and babies
brown fat
Cartilage
- shock absorber
- low-friction joint surfae
- maintains airway patency
- some muscle attachments
- rin-sternum attachments
- precursor for most bones
- growth zone of child-adolescent bones
hyaline cartilage
Cartilage
What is the main physical charateristic of hyaline cartilage that is easily distinguishable?
It has a clear, glassy appearance.
Cartilage
In what situation can hyaline cartilage be found in the cell?
Hint: cell nests
isogenous groups
What are the two matrices that make up hyaline cartilage?
- darker territorial matrix
- lighter interterritorial matrix
In what locations can hyaline cartilage be found?
- supportive tissue of nose
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- Articulate cartilages and wpiphyseal plates of bones
- costal cartilage of ribs
- fetal skeleton
Cartilage
Which kind of cartilage is…
* very easy to identify under the microscope
* very distinct cells which look like boiled eggs
* Even with different stains, they look the same.
* More flexible than hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
Cartilage
In what locations can elastic cartilage be found?
- ear pinna
- auditory canal
- audiotry tube
- epiglottis
- some cartilage of larynx
Cartilage
Which kind of cartilage is…
* conspicuous collagen fibers
* not much brown substance
* chondrocytes are often in rows
* NEVER has a perichondrium
fibrocartilage
In what locations can fibrocartilage be found?
- near joints where tendons and ligaments are found
- pubic symphasis
- invertebral discs
Fibrocartilage is made up of cells called ____. These cells are trapped in cavaties called ____.
chondrocytes; lacunae
What are the two types of connective tissue proper?
- loose connective
- dense connective
What are the three types of loose connective tissue?
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
What are the three type of dense connective tissue?
- dense regular
- dense irregular
- elastic
What are the three types of cartilage?
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
What are the two types of embryonic connective tissues?
- mesenchyme
- Mucous connective tissue
Where is mucous connective tissue found?
only in the umbilical cord
never differentiates into mature tissue
Mast cells will secrete ________ and ________ in an inflammatory response.
histamine; heparin
Which kind of nuclei do adipocytes have?
eccentric nuclei
Collagenous fibers are made of parallel ____ barely visible to the light microscope. Gives collagen ____ striations.
fibrils; longitudinal
Collagen consists of three polypeptides twisted together to form a triple helix which equals 1 ____ of ________.
microfibril; tropocollagen
Protein-Carbohydrate Complexes are composed of glycosaminoglycan which resembles ____ and a protein core.
bristles
How many types of human collagen are there?
fourteen
What are cartilage cells called?
chondrocytes
What are the cavities called which chondrocytes are trapped in?
lacunae
Cartilage has no nerves or lymphatics, therefore it is ____.
Avascular
What is the cartilage matrix stiffened by?
GAGs and proteoglycans
What is cartilage tissue covered with on the outer edges?
perichondrium
Except for fibrocartilage
What is the order of histogenesis for cartilage development and growth?
mesenchyme > chondroblasts > chondrocytes
What is the first stage of cartilage growth & development?
Interstitial growth
What is the second stage of cartilage growth & development?
Appositional growth
What is the technical tissue name for bone?
osseus tissue
Which stage of cartilage growth & development includes growth from within by the mitotic division of chondrocytes. It is also important for bone elongation and replinishment of articular cartilage.
interstitial growth
Which stage of cartilage growth & development includes surface growth. It can also not occur where there is no perichondrium.
appositional growth
cannot occur in joint surfaces
What are some benefits that bones provide?
- protective enclosure
- leverage for movement
- body support
- electrolyte balance
- acid-base balance
What is the “head” of a bone called?
epiphysis
What is the inside cavity of a bone called?
medullary cavity
What is the shaft of a bone called?
diaphysis
What is a premature bone cell called?
osteogenic cell
What is the intermediate bone cell called (before maturity)?
osteoblast
What is a mature bone cell called?
osteocyte
In bone cells, the fusion precursor for ____ are stem cells.
osteoclasts
In the bone matrix, ____ resists crushing while ____ resists tension (bending).
minerals; collagen
Name 5 structures of compact bone.
- osteon
- central (haversian) canal
- lamellae
- lacunae
- canaliculi
In an osteon, what are four things that can be found in the central (haversian) canal?
1) artery
2) nerve
3) vein
4) lymphatic vessel
What is significant about compact bone?
It is made up of many osteons
Choose the right word:
Spongy bone has (few/many) osteons and a (regular/irregular) trabeculae and spicules.
trabeculae are thin plates
few; irregualar
What is the formation of osseous tissue called?
ossification
