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Histology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Muscular and nervous tissues are called ____ tissues because they are especially sensitive to stimulation and react with charges in membrane voltage.

A

excitable

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2
Q

What are the electrochemical signals which travel in waves to form nerve impulses called?

A

action potetials

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3
Q

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of a nerve fiber, the fiber releases ____ that diffuse across the gap and stimulate the next cell.

A

neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What components does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisit of?

A

nerves and ganglia

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5
Q

What are cells that carry out commands called?

A

effectors

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6
Q

What are the effectors of the somatic system?

A

skeletal muscle cells

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7
Q

What are the effectors of the automatic system?

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland cells

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8
Q

What are the two kinds of cells that compose nervous tissue?

A
  • neurons (nerve cells)
  • neuroglia (glial cells)
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9
Q

What are the three main parts of the neuron?

A
  • soma
  • axon
  • dendrites
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10
Q

What are the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system?

A
  • oligodenrocytes
  • ependymal cells
  • microglia
  • astrocytes
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11
Q

Why does there need to be a blood/brain barrier? How does the brain recieve oxygen and nutrients?

A

To prevent toxins in the bloodstream from reaching the brain. The cerebrospinal fluid is what provides the brain with oxygen and nutrients.

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12
Q

What are the two types of neuroglia in the periphreal nervous system?

A
  • Schwann cells
  • satellite cells
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13
Q

The brain is ____% of the body’s weight, but gets ____% of its blood flow.

A

2%; 15%

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB).

A

To protect neurons from harmful blood-borne agents.

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15
Q

How does the process of myelination differ between the CNS and PNS?

A

In the CNS…
* myelination occurs in a centripetal fashion (towards the center)

In the PNS…
* myelination occurs in a centrifugal fashion (towards the outside)

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16
Q

What are the naked sections on the myelin sheath called in between the myelin/Schwann cell component? What happens here?

A

Nodes of Ranvier; the electrical signal is boosted

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17
Q

When a membrane potential is at rest, which ion is most prevelant within the cell?

this includes the sodium/potassium pump

A

potassim (K+)

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18
Q

At the peak of an action potential, the Na channels are ____ and the K+ channels are ____.

A

closed; opened

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19
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
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20
Q

What components of the body are included in the central nervous system?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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21
Q

What are the first two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • sensory division
  • autonomic (visceral motor) divison
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22
Q

Sensory division
* ____ division
* ____ division

A
  • visceral sensory division
  • somatic sensory division
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23
Q

Motor division
* ____ division
* ____ division

A
  • visceral motor division
  • somatic division
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24
Q

What are the two components of the visceral motor division?

A
  • sympathetic division
  • parasympathetic division
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25
Q

Name part (1) of the brain

A

frontal lobe

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26
Q

Label part (2) of the brain

A

parietal lobe

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27
Q

Label part (3) of the brain

A

occipital lobe

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28
Q

Label part (4) of the brain

A

cerebellum

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29
Q

Label part (5) of the brain

A

temporal lobe

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30
Q

Label part (6) of the brain

A

spinal cord

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31
Q

What are the main components of a neuron?

A

1) soma (cell body)
2) dendrites
3) axon (nerve fiber)
4) Schwann cells (neurilemmocyte)

32
Q

Which part of the neuron includes…
* tiny branches, spines
* spreak out in the tissue
* ends of electric impulses

A

dendrites

33
Q

Which compoment of the cell is composed mainly of myelin?

A

the myelin sheath

34
Q

Which part of the neuron includes…
* neurofibrils
* chromstophilic substance
* no centrioles or mitosis
* melanin and lipofuscin

A

soma (cell body, neurosoma, perikaryon)

35
Q

Which part of the neuron includes…
* axon hillock
* exolemma
* collateral branches
* terminal

A

axon (nerve fiber)

36
Q

Which part of the neuron includes…
* spines
* branching
* extensions from the soma

A

dendrites

37
Q

Which part of the neuron includes…
* neurilemma
* myelin sheath
* initial segment
* trigger zone

A

Schwann cells (neurilemmocyte) (type of glial cell)

38
Q

What is located at the core of the brain?

A

basal ganglia

39
Q

Which neuron shape includes cerebral neurons?

A

multipolar

40
Q

Which neuron shape includes olfactory neurons and retinal neurons?

A

bipolar

41
Q

Which neuron shape includes somatosensory neurons?

A

unipolar

42
Q

Which neuron shape includes adrenal neurons, and some brain and retinal neurons?

A

anaxonic

43
Q

Electric impulses flow from the ____ of the presynaptic terminal to the ____ of the postsynaptic terminal.

A

axon; soma

44
Q

Which kind of neuroglia…
* extends arms out to several nearby nerve fibers
* wrap around them to form a spiral myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes

CNS

45
Q

Which kind of neuroglia…
* Lines central cavaties of brain and spinal cord
* Secretes and circulates cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

CNS

46
Q

Which kind of neuroglia…
* is small macrophages of CNS
* probes nervous tissue with spindly arms, detects foreign matter, phagocytize microbes, dead nervouse tissue, and debris
* the “housekeepers” of the CNS

A

microglia

CNS

47
Q

Which kind of neuroglia…
* cover brain surface
* cover nonsynaptic areas of neurons
* supportive frameworl for nervous tissue
* secrete nerve growth fractor (NGF)
* regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid in CNS
* Form scar tissue if CNS is damaged
* Stimulate formation of blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A

astrocytes

CNS

48
Q

Which kind of neuroglia…
* Surround the cell bodies of
neurons in the PNS ganglia
(arrows).
* Provide electrical insulation
and chemical regulation

A

satellite cells

PNS

49
Q

Which kind of neuroglia…

  • Coil around axons in
    the PNS.
  • Form a neurilemma
    (single or outermost
    coil) around all axons,
    and…
  • Form multilayered
    myelin sheath around
    most.
A

Schwann cells

PNS

50
Q

What does this picture depict?

A

Centripetal
myelination by an
oligodendrocyte

51
Q

What does this picture depict?

A

Centrifugal myelination
by a Schwann cell

52
Q

Label part (1) of this picture

A

axon

53
Q

Label part (2) of this picture

A

myelin

54
Q

Label part (3) of this picture

A

neurilemma

55
Q

Label part (4) of this picture

A

unmyelinated nerve fiber

56
Q

What component lies in the grooves in the surface of Schwann cells?

A

unmyelinated nerve fibers

57
Q

Label part (1) of the nerve cross section (SEM)

A

myelinated nerve fibers

58
Q

Label part (2) of the nerve cross section (SEM)

A

unmyelinated nerve fibers

59
Q

Label part (3) of the nerve cross section (SEM)

A

endoneurium

60
Q

Label part (4) of the nerve cross section (SEM)

A

fascicles

61
Q

Label part (5) of the nerve cross section (SEM)

A

perineurium

62
Q

Label part (6) of the nerve cross section (SEM)

A

blood vessels within the fascicles

63
Q

Which nerves cross sections are visible under a light microscope?

A
  • sensory nerves
  • motor nerves
  • mixed nerves
64
Q

What is a collection of neuronal bodies found in the coluntary and autonomc branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

ganglion

65
Q

The nerve signal arrives at the synapse from the ____ neuron. After reaching this neuron, the signal arrives at the ____ neuron.

A

presynaptic; postsynaptic

66
Q

What is the most common point of termination at a synapse where the axon of one neuron ends at a dendrite of the postsynaptic cell?

A

axodendritic synapse

67
Q

What is the second most common most common point of termination at a synapse where it ends at the soma of the next cell?

A

axosomatic synapse

68
Q

What is the least common point of termination at a synapse where the axon of one neuron ends near the termination of the second neuron’s axon?

A

axoaxonic synapse

69
Q

Each nerve fiber is surrounded by a thin connective tissue sleeve called a(n) ____.

A

endoneurium

70
Q

Nerve fibers are bundled into groups called ____.

A

fascicles

71
Q

Fascicle groups are surrounded by a thicker connective tissue layer called the ____.

A

perineurium

72
Q

Several fascicles constitute the nerve which is surround by ____.

A

epineurium

73
Q

What bundles are formed where nerves travel with small arteries and veins, wrapped in a common connective tissue sheath?

A

neurovascular bundles

74
Q

What is a knot-like mass of meurosomas in the PMS? It is covered with epineurium continuous with that of the nerve.

A

ganglion

75
Q

What structure includes the dorsal root ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord, containing the somas of unipolar somatosensory neurons?

A

sensory ganglia

76
Q

Which structures are motor components of the autonomic nervous system, and do have synapses?

A

autonomic ganglia

77
Q

Which ganglia are where the sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic ones?

A

autonomic ganglia

Histology (19 decks)

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