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Histology > Blood & Hemopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood & Hemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

During a red blood cell count test, what is a normal range?

A

4.7-6.1

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2
Q

What are the units of red blood cells?

A

X 1,000,000/microliters

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3
Q

During a white blood cell count test, what is a normal range?

A

4.8-10.8

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4
Q

What are the units of white blood cells?

A

X 1,000/microliters

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5
Q

During a hematocrit test, what is a normal range?

A

42%-52%

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6
Q

During a platelet count test, what is a normal range?

A

160-360

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7
Q

What are the units for platelet counts?

A

X 1,000/microliters

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8
Q

During a red cell distribution width (RDW) test, what is a normal range?

A

11.6%-14.6%

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9
Q

What can cause red cell distribution width to change?

A

some disorders

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10
Q

Blood is composed of more ____ substance than cells.

A

ground

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11
Q

What is the ground substance of blood?

A

blood plasma

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12
Q

Why are erythrocytes (red blood cells) typically not considered cells and how can they be considered cells on the same token?

A

Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus but they do have a nucleus at some point in their lifetime, so they can be considered cells.

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13
Q

What is a routine blood test called which physicians can perform to test for red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

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14
Q

How is blood usually prepared on a slide and what stain is used?

A

blood film or blood smear
Wright’s stain

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15
Q

What is Wright’s stain composed of?

A

methylene blue, methylene azure, and eosin

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16
Q

When chosen to study blood cells in bone marrow or tissue sections, what is the stain of choice?

A

Giemsa stain

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17
Q

Blood is composed of roughly 45% ____, and 55% ____.

A

formed elements; blood plasma

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18
Q

What are the formed elements that compose 45% of blood?

A
  • erythrocytes (37-52%)
  • platelets (<1%)
  • leukocytes (<1%)
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19
Q

What is the composition of blood plasma?

A
  • water (92%)
  • mixture of proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, gases, enzymes, and hormones (8%)
20
Q

What derives from plasma cells which develops from one of the white blood cell types (B lymphocytes)?

A

gamma globuins

21
Q

When a blood vessel is injured, a complex cascade of reactions converts this to a sticky protein, ____, which constitutes the matrix of a blood clot. If blood is allowed to clot, then centrifuged to separate the clot from the remaining fluid, that fluid is called ____ ____.

A

fibrin; blood serum

22
Q

What is the primary function of erythrocytes (RBCs)?

A

to transport oxygen to parts of the body and carbon dioxide away from parts of the body

23
Q

What are red blood cells primarily composed of which they synthesize during their development in the red bone marrow?

A

hemoglobin

24
Q

What happens when the nucleus degenrates in RBCs?

A

The center of the RBC collapses (doughnut shape)

25
Q

What organelle do red blood cells lack that makes them entirely reliant on anaerobic fermentation to meet their ATP needs?

A

mitochondria

26
Q

What prevents red blood cells from consuming the oxygen which they must carry around the body?

A

anaerobic fermentation

27
Q

What “tags” old red blood cells to be destroyed by macrophages?

A

oligosaccharide surface tags

28
Q

Which parts of the body degrade liberated hemoglobin after macrophage destructuion of RBCs?

A

the spleen and liver

29
Q

When RBCs are being broken down at a rapid rate, as in malaria and other hemolytic diseases, the spleen becomes markedly enlarged. ____ is therefore a clinical indication of a possible hemolytic disorder.

A

splenomegaly

30
Q

How many red blood cells does a healthy adult produce per second?

A

2.5 million/second

31
Q

What is the replacement process that occurs in the bone marrow called?

A

erythropoiesis

32
Q

What cell does erythropoisis begin with?

A

multipotent hemopoietic stem cell

33
Q

Which kind of cells are involved in defense of the body in one way or another?

A

leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)

34
Q

What are the two major classifications of white blood cells?

A
  • granulocytes
  • agranulocytes
35
Q

All WBCs contain nonspecific ____ which are organelles such as lysosomes that are near the threshold of resolution of the light microscope.

A

granules

Only agranulocytes have nonspecific granules

36
Q

Which WBC is easiest to find on a blood film and have very small specific granules containing lysozymes, peroxidase, and other antibotic agents? It constitutes 60-70% of the entire WBC count.

A

neutrophils

37
Q

Which WBC makes up 2-4% of the entire WBC count and typically have a bilobed nucleus?

A

eosinophils

typically have rosy or orange acidophillic granules

38
Q

What is the rarest of WBC types where the basophil nucleus is usually U or S shaped but this is characteristic of little use?

A

basophils

39
Q

What are the smallest but second most abundant WBCs with three classes of sizes: small, medium, and large?

A

lymphocytes

40
Q

Which kind of lymphocytes attack precancerous cells, destroying them before they can form tumors or spread infection to other cells?

A

natural killer (NK)

41
Q

Which kind of lymphocytes become plasma cells in the connective tissue and secrete antibodies?

A

B cells

42
Q

Which kind of lymphocytes directly attack pathogens and are central actors in cellular immunity?

A

T cells

43
Q

What are the largest WBCs and consititue about 3-8% of the WBC count? The nucleus usually stains light blue or pink and is often C-shaped or kidney-shaped.

A

Monocytes

44
Q

Monocytes become functional only after migrating into the connective tissues and becoming ____.

A

macrophages

45
Q

What is the production of white blood cells called?

A

leukopoiesis

46
Q

____ are small cytoplasmic fragments of giant bone marrow cells called megakaryoctes.

A

platelets

47
Q

Platlets contribute to the production of ____, an enzyme that dissolves old clots.

A

plasmin

Histology (19 decks)

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