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Histology > Digestive System II > Flashcards

Digestive System II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

A

1) mucosa (mucous membrane)
2) submucosa
3) Muscularis externa
4) Adventitia or Serosa

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2
Q

What is the thin covering or sac that holds all the intestines and organs in place in the torso of the body?

A

mesentaries

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3
Q

The inner layer of the GI tract, the mucosa, is composed of what three layers (from innermost to outermost)?

A

1) epithelium
2) lamina propria
3) muscularis mucosae

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4
Q

The third layer of the GI tract, the musculari externa, is composed of what two layers (from innermost to outermost)?

A

1) inner circular layer
2) outer longitudinal layer

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5
Q

The external layer of the GI tract, the adevntitia or serosa, is composed of what?

A

1) areolar tissue
2) mesothelium

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6
Q

Which layer of the GI tract wall is composed of smooth muscle?

A

muscularis externa

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7
Q

What are the two nerve plexi in the GI tract wall?

A

1) submucosal nerve plexus
2) myenteric nerve plexus

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8
Q

What is the nervous system the controls the gut called?

A

Enteric nervous system

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9
Q

Which nerve plexus of the ENS regulates mucosal tension and folding, and secretion of mucosal glands?

A

submucosal nerve plexus

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10
Q

Which nerve plexus regulates peristalsis of the submucosal plexus?

A

myenteric plexus

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11
Q

The esophagus extends from which two functioning points at the cardiac orifice?

A

From the upper esphogeal sphincter to the lower esophogeal sphincter

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12
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the esophagus?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamos epithelium

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13
Q

Which two glands are found in the esophagus?

A

1) mucous submucosal glands
2) esophageal glands

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14
Q

The muscularis externa has an inner ____ muscle layer and an outer ____ muscle layer.

A

circular; longitudinal

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15
Q

Which layer in the esophagus are esophageal glands located?

A

lamina propria

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16
Q

What is the boundary located between the submucosal glands and the esophageal glands?

A

gastroesophageal junction

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17
Q

What are folds within the stomach called that grind chunks of food?

A

gastric rugae

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18
Q

Food enters into the stomach from the ____ and exits the stomach through the ____.

A

esophagus; duodenum

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19
Q

The muscular layers of the stomach are found in what layer?

A

muscularis externa

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20
Q

What is the mucous layer of the stomach composed of?

A

1) epithelium
2) gastric pits
3) glands
4) lamina propria
5) muscularis mucosae

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21
Q

What is the submucosa layer of the stomach composed of?

A

1) connective tissue
2) blood vessels
3) submucosal plexus

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22
Q

What is the muscularis externa layer of the stomach composed of?

A

1) three muscle layers
2) myenteric plexus

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23
Q

Which special cells are associated with gastric pits (two kinds)?

A

parietal cells and goblet cells

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24
Q

Which kind of epithelium are gastric pits lined with?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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25
Q

What opens into the base of each gastric pit?

A

gastric glands

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26
Q

Which kind of glands dominate the stomach? Why is this?

A

mucous glands; it helps prevent corrosion

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27
Q

What are the three glands found in the stomach?

A

1) cardiac glands
2) pyloric glands
3) gastric glands

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28
Q

Which glands of the stomach are composed of shallow gastric pits, a long gland, and is purely mucous? Which region are they found?

A

cardiac glands; cardiac region

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29
Q

Which glands of the stomach have deep gastric pits, are shorter glands, are loosely arrayed in the lamina propria, and are purely mucous? What region are they found?

A

pyloric glands; pyloric region

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30
Q

Which glands of the stomach have a mouth, neck, body, and fundus and have five types of cells? What region are they found?

A

gastric glands; fundus, body, and most of the pyloric region

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31
Q

What are the five cells of the gastric glands?

A

1) stem (regenerative) cells
2) mucous neck cells
3) parietal (oxyntic) cells
4) chief (zymogenic) cells
5) enteroendocrine cells

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32
Q

Which two cells of the gastric glands secrete proteins?

A
  • parietal (oxyntic) cells
  • chief (zymogenic) cells
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33
Q

What do parietal cells secrete in the gastric glands?

A
  • hydrochloric acid (HCl) - pH 8
  • Intrisic factors
34
Q

What do chief cells secrete in the gastric glands?

A
  • pepsinogen
  • gastric lipase (infants)
  • chymosin (infants)
35
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells secret in the gastric glands?

A
  • hormones
  • paracrines
36
Q

What do mucous neck cells secrete in the gastric glands?

A

mucus

37
Q

Purposes of hydrochloric acid:
1) activates ____ and ____ lipase
2) breaks up connective tissues and ____ fiber (collagen and cellulose)
3) converts Fe3+ to ____.
4) nonspecific disease resistance aka ____ properties

A

1) pepsin; lingual
2) plant
3) Fe2+
4) antibacterial

38
Q

Which region of the stomach have the deepest gastric pits?

A

pyloric stomach

39
Q

The gastric pits in the pyloric region of the stomach are somewhat ____, giving a sawtooth appearnce.

A

coiled

40
Q

What do G cells in the stomach secrete?

A

gastrin

41
Q

What do ECL cells in the stomach secrete?

A

histamine

42
Q

What do D cells in the stomach secrete?

A

somatostatin

43
Q

What is the function of the parietal cells secretion?

A
  • Kills microbes and activates pepsinogen
  • Bind Vitamin B12 to allow its absorption
44
Q

What is the function of the chief cells secretion?

A
  • protein digestion
  • fat digestion
45
Q

What is the function of the G cells secretion?

A

stimulates gastric acid secretion

46
Q

What is the function of the ECL cells secretion?

A

stimulates gastric acid secretion

47
Q

What is the function of the mucus-neck cells secretion?

A

protects stomach epithelium from acid

48
Q

What is the function of the D cells secretion?

A

inhibits gastric acid secretion

49
Q

Even though HCl kills most bacteria in the stomach, which bacteria sits deep within the stomach and can cause ulcers?

A

H. pylori

50
Q

At what point does the small intestine start, and where does it end?

A

starts - pyloric sphincter
ends - ileocecal valve

51
Q

What is the order of the regions of the small intestine called starting from where food travels through first to where it ends?

A

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

52
Q

Which portion of the small intestine includes chyme, bile, and pancreatic juice?

A

duodenum

53
Q

Which portion of the small intestine is the site of most digestion and absorption?

A

jejunum

54
Q

Which portion of the small intestine has a thinner wall, and is the site of the rest of digestive and absorption properties?

A

ileum

55
Q

What is the upper region of the small intestine called (duodenum region)?

A

epigastric region

56
Q

What is the middle region of the small intestine called (jejunum)?

A

umbilical region

57
Q

What is the lower region of the small intestine called (ileum)?

A

hypogastric region

58
Q

What are the four things that increases intestinal surface area?

A

1) length
2) circular folds
3) villi
4) microvilli

59
Q

What is the total surface area of the small intestine?

A

~2150 square feet

60
Q

What is the main factor which increases surface area in the small intestine which is mainly prevalent in the jejunum?

A

circular folds (pilcae circulares, valves of Kerckring)

61
Q

Why is a large surface area important in the small intestine?

A
  • slows the progression of chyme
  • makes chyme spiral down the intestine
  • increases epithelial contact for digestion and absorption
62
Q

Which type of villi has a ridge-like appearance?

A

foliate villi

63
Q

Which type of villi has a tounge-shaped appearance?

A

linguiform villi

64
Q

Which component of villi helps transport lipid molecules?

A

lacteal

65
Q

What are the absorption cells called in villi?

A

enterocytes

66
Q

What type of cells are located on villi and aid in secretions (different from absorption cells?

A

goblet cells

67
Q

What is a dense cytoskeleton aggregation at the apical pole of the cell? What filament is anchored here?

A

terminal web; actin filaments

68
Q

Which intestinal cells secrete antibacterial lysozyme?

A

Paneth cells

69
Q

What glands within the duodenum are located in the submucosa?

A

Duodenal glands

70
Q

What is another name for duodenal glands?

A

Glands of Brunner

71
Q

Which portion of the small intestine has Peyer’s patches?

A

ileum

72
Q

Which portion of the small intestine have the shortest villi and more lymphocytes than anywhere else?

A

ileum

73
Q

What are all the parts of the large intestine?

A

1) cecum
2) appendix
3) colon
4) rectum
5) anal canal

74
Q

What are the different regions of the colon?

A

1) ascending
2) transverse
3) descending
4) sigmoid

75
Q

What is the main functions of the large intestine?

A
  • absorption of water and electrolytes
  • water conservation
  • consolidation of residue into feces
  • defaction
76
Q

What tissue is the appendix mainly composed of?

A

GALT

77
Q

What surface area enhancer does the colon have? What does it not have?

A

have - intestinal crypts
doesn’t have - villi, circular folds

78
Q

In the intestinal crypts of the colon, which cells give rise to neutrophils which help with anibacterial defense?

A

STEM cells

79
Q

What are the two sphincters of the anal canal?

A
  • internal anal sphincter
  • external anal sphincter
80
Q

Which sphincter in the anal canal is involuntary?

A

internal anal sphincter

81
Q

Which sphincter in the anal canal is voluntary?

A

external anal sphincter

82
Q

Which kind of muscle controls the external anal sphincter?

A

skeletal muscle

Histology (19 decks)

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