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Histology > Digestive System I > Flashcards

Digestive System I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main tract of the digestive system?

A

the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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2
Q

What is another term for the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

A

alimentary canal

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3
Q

What are all the components of the GI tract?

A

1) mouth
2) pharynx
3) esophagus
4) stomach
5) small intestine
6) large intestine
7) anal canal

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4
Q

The shape of the GI tract resembles a(n) ____.

A

torus

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5
Q

What does the shape of a torus look like?

A

it is donut-like

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6
Q

What are the accessory organs to the GI tract? Name at least 5.

A
  • lips
  • tounge
  • teeth
  • salivary glands
  • palate
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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7
Q

What are the four main layers of the lips (labia)?

A

1) cutaneous layer (CA)
2) Red area (vermilion) (RA)
3) Oral mucosa (OM)
4) Orbicularis oris muscle (OO)

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8
Q

Which layer of the lips includes the following:
* hair follicles (HF)
* sebacious glands (SbG)
* sweat glands
* keratinized epidermis

A

cutaneous area
(cue-tay-nee-us)

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9
Q

Which layer of the lips includes the following:
* no hair or stratum corneum
* no glands, or only sparse
* sebaceous glands
* tall dermal papillae

A

red area (vermilion)

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10
Q

Which layer of the lips includes the following:
* nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
* mucous and seromucous labial glands

A

oral mucosa

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11
Q

What does the Red area (vermilion) layer of the lips NOT have?

A

it has no external layer

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12
Q

What are the three main layers of the palate?

A

bone, periosteum, epithelium

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13
Q

Which kind of muscles does the tounge have?

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

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14
Q

Describe the components and structures located at the anterior portion of the tounge.

A
  • muscular
  • lingual papillae
  • serous glands
  • seromucous glands
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15
Q

Describe the components and structures located at the posterior portion of the tounge.

A
  • more glandular & lymphatic
  • serous glands of Von Ebner
  • vallate papillae
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16
Q

The tounge includes ____ nerves as well as other nerves.

A

intermediate

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17
Q

The salivary glands begin as what kind of glands?

A

compound tubuloacinar glands

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18
Q

What divides the compound tubuloacinar glands into lobes?

A

connective tissue stroma

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19
Q

Which salivary gland is not encapsulated?

A

sublingual gland

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20
Q

Which two glands are encapsulated?

A
  • parotid gland
  • submandibular gland
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21
Q

Which protein helps digest starch in the saliva?

A

amylase

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22
Q

What is the structure called where saliva is secreted?

A

acini

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23
Q

What are the ducts called of the salivary glands?

A

1) acinus
2) intercalated duct
3) intralobular duct
4) interlobular duct

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24
Q

What are the three kinds of acini?

A
  • serous
  • mucous
  • mixed
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25
Q

Which kind of acini have a demilune?

A

mixed acini

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26
Q

What is a demilune?

A

it produces serous cells that caps the acinus

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27
Q

What does the physical appearance of serous acini look like? What color do they stain in H&E?

A

dense, dark staining
H&E: reddish violet

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28
Q

What is the name for the secretory vesicles that serous acini are filled with?

A

zymogen granules
(zi-moe-gin)

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29
Q

Which kind of acini produces a watery, enzyme-rich secretion?

A

serous acini

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30
Q

What does the physical appearance of mucous acini look like? What color do they stain in H&E?

A

light, frothy
H&E: bluish violet

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31
Q

What kind of acini produces a viscous secretion?

A

mucous acini

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32
Q

What are the three kinds of ducts?

A
  • intercalated
  • intralobular
  • interlobular
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33
Q

Which kind of ducts are within a lobule, not surrounded by connective tissue, and are also called “striated ducts”?

A

intercalated and intralobular ducts

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34
Q

Which kind of ducts are located between lobules (running throught the trabeculae), and are surrounded by connective tissue?

A

interlobular ducts

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35
Q

Where is the partoid gland located?

A

in front of the ear (anterior to the auricle of the ear)

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36
Q

Which kind of acini make up the paratoid gland?

A

serous acini

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37
Q

What is the sickness called where the partoid gland is inflammed and swells?

A

mumps

38
Q

What kind of tissue is the paratoid gland primarily composed of?

A

adipose tissue (adipocytes)

39
Q

Where is the submandibular gland located?

A

medial to the body of the mandible (jaw)

40
Q

What is another name for the submandibular gland in some animals? Does it have a different location?

A

submaxillary
no, they are located at the jaw

41
Q

Which kind of acini dominate the submandibular gland?

A

serous acini

42
Q

Which kind of acini do submandibular glands sometimes have? What structure do these often have?

A

mucous acini; serous demilunes

43
Q

Where are the sublingual glands located?

A

in the floor of the mouth

44
Q

Which kind of glands have ducts that open into the oral cavity?

A

sublingual glands

45
Q

What is the shape of acini in sublingual ducts?

A

enlongated in shape

46
Q

Which type of acini dominates the sublingual glands? What kind of serous demilunes do they have?

A

mucous acini; large serous demilunes

47
Q

Which type of acini is found only in small amount in the sublingual gland?

A

serous acini

48
Q

What part of the teeth is visible above the gumline at the very top of the tooth?

A

clinical crown

49
Q

What part of the teeth is the part above the gum attachment?

A

anatomical crown

50
Q

What part of the teeth/gums is located between the gum and the crown?

A

gingival crevice

51
Q

What part of the teeth/gums is the line of gum attachment to the tooth?

A

cervix (neck)

52
Q

What part of the teeth/gums is the deepest part to the cervix?

A

root

53
Q

What composition of the tooth covers the anatomical crown?

A

enamel

54
Q

What does enamel do? What is it not?

A

It makes the tooth hard; it is not a tissue

55
Q

What composition of the tooth is most of the bulk of the tooth, in the crown and root?

A

dentin

56
Q

What composition of the tooth covers just the root?

A

cementum

57
Q

What composition of the tooth fills the pulp cavity and root canals?

A

pulp

58
Q

What is enamel secreted by?

A

ameloblasts (contains no cells)

59
Q
A
60
Q

What is the hardest of all materials of biological origin?

A

enamel

61
Q

What is the maximum thickness on tooth molars?

A

2.0 to 2.5 mm

62
Q

Enamel is composed of enamel ____ that extend from the surface to dentin.

A

rods (prisms)

63
Q

When and how are enamel rods (prisms) formed?

A

They are secreted by ameloblasts in layers before the tooth erupts

64
Q

What are enamel rods cemented together by? What is this composed of?

A

interrod enamel; calcified organic matter

65
Q

What does enamel show that depicts the time of growth of the tooth? What are the light ones called? What about the dark ones? (Kind of like tree rings)

A

growth zones; lines of Schreger; lines of Retzius

66
Q

In a freeze-fractured preparation of enamel, what composition shows up as light brown?

A

calcium phosphate salts

67
Q

In a freeze-fractured preparation of enamel, what composition shows up as dark brown?

A

protein matrix

68
Q

Which composition of the tooth is made up of cells and extracellular matrix and is true tissue?

A

dentin and cementum

69
Q

Where is dentin formed and by what?

A

it is formed in the pulp cavity by odontoblasts

70
Q

Odontoblasts extend ____ ____ into the dentinal tubules of the matrix.

A

dental fibers

71
Q

Is dentin capable of regeneration?

A

yes

72
Q

What is the external appearnce of dentinal tubules?

A

it has perforations

73
Q

What structure does dental fibers extend in to?

A

dentinal tubules

74
Q

Which composition covers the root of a tooth?

A

cementum

75
Q

Where is the cementum the thinnest?

A

near the cervix

76
Q

What are the cells that make up the cementum called?

A

cementocytes

77
Q

What are the two most prominent features in a decalcified tooth?

A
  • pulp cavity
  • cementum
78
Q

What is another name for baby teeth?

A

deciduous teeth

79
Q

What is another name for adult teeth?

A

permanent teeth

80
Q

What is the first stage of tooth development?

A

dental lamina stage

81
Q

What kind of cells are present during the dental lamina stage of tooth development?

A

mesenchymal cells

82
Q

What is the second stage of tooth development called?

A

bud stage

83
Q

What structure forms in the second stage of tooth development (bud stage)?

A

dental papilla

84
Q

What is the third stage of tooth development called?

A

cap stage

85
Q

In the cap stage of tooth development, what are the three layers that form?

A

1) outer enamel epithelium (OEE)
2) inner enamel epithelium (IEE)
3) middle stellate reticulum (SR)

86
Q

What do mesenchymal cells turn into during the cap stage of tooth development?

A

dental sac –> bone crypt

87
Q

What is the fourth stage of tooth development?

A

bell stage

88
Q

What epithelium encloses into a cresent shape during the fourth stage of tooth development?

A

inner enamel epithelium

89
Q

During the bell stage of tooth development, what cells are formed from the dental papilla?

A

odontoblasts

90
Q

What is the fifth, and final, stage of tooth development?

A

apposition stage

91
Q

What happens during the apposition stage of tooth development?

A

Enamel and dentin are now in contact (apposition) with one another. Odontoblasts and ameloblasts are producing dentin and enamel. It deepens.

92
Q

Which membrane in the apposition stage leads to producing the permanent tooth?

A

succedaneous membrane
(sussy-dane-ee-us)

Histology (19 decks)

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