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Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 > The brain and the cranial nerves > Flashcards

The brain and the cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main divisions of the brain

A
  1. Brain stem
  2. diencephalon
  3. cerebellum
  4. cerebrum
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2
Q

What are the divisions of the brain stem

A
  1. medulla oblongata
  2. pons variolii
  3. midbrain
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3
Q

what are the divisions of the diecenphalon

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
    * cannot be seen when you cut the brain open
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4
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

-1” long
-located between the spinal cord and pons
-relays information to cerebellum via inferior cerebellum peduncle
-sensory fibers and descending fibers cross over in the medulla

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5
Q

medulla oblongata: white matter

A

all tracts pass through it, most cross over
-decussation of the pyramids, right controls left and left controls right
-ventral side pyramidal tracts and motor tracts cross over
-function: conduction pathway

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6
Q

pyramidal pathway

A

-now you can control your skeletal pathway

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7
Q

medulla oblongata: gray matter (reflex center)

A
  1. cardiac center
  2. respiratory center
  3. vasomotor center
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8
Q

cardiac center

A

affects heart rate

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9
Q

respiratory center- in medulla

A

initiates breathing

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10
Q

vasomotor center

A

-affects blood vessel diameter
- affects blood pressure

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11
Q

origin (nuclei) of cranial nerves for medulla

A

-cranial nerves VIII-XII, VIII-X , XIII
-XI from spinal cord

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12
Q

pons variolii

A

-located between medulla and midbrain
- Pons = bridge

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13
Q

pons variolii- white matter (longitudinal nerve fibers)

A

up to midbrain down from midbrain to medulla

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14
Q

pons variolii- white matter (transverse nerve fibers)

A

conduction fibers –> cerebellum via middle cerebellar peduncles

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15
Q

pons variolii- gray matter (respiratory center)

A

-affects breathing pattern

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16
Q

pons variolii- gray matter (origin of cranial nerves)

A

-cranial nerves V-VIII
(V-VII branch of VIII)

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17
Q

Midbrain location

A

-between the diencephalon and the pons
-cerebellum to midbrain via superior cerebellar peduncle
-origin of cranial nerves (III, IV)

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18
Q

cerebral aqueducts

A

runs through the midbrain, and connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

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19
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

-located in the white matter (ventral portion) in the midbrain
-continuation of tracts/fibers, conduction between upper and lower brain parts

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20
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

-located in the midbrain, gray matter (dorsal portion) and contains the superior and inferior colliculi

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21
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual reflex center

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22
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory reflex center

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23
Q

diencephalon

A

-contains the hypothalamus and thalamus
-relay station to cortex

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24
Q

thalamus

A

large, oval structure above midbrain, masses of gray matter surrounded by thin layer of white matter

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25
thalamus function
-general interpretation of sensory input "gate keeper" of cerebrum -all sensory information, except smell pass through here ---> cerebrum
26
hypothalamus description
-floor, lateral walls of third ventricle -pituitary gland attaches to hypothalamus
27
hypothalamus function
-body temperature regulation -regulates food intake, water balance, thirst, biological rhythm -controls autonomic nervous system -regulates hormonal output of pituitary gland
28
cerebellum
-receives information from cerebral motor cortex, proprioceptors, visual pathways, equilibrium pathways -outer gray matter, inner white matter -folds are more parallel
29
cerebellum location
-posterior to brainstem- intervening fourth ventricle , 2nd largest portion
30
hemispheres in cerebellum
2 lateral hemispheres connected by vermis
31
convolutions
heavily convoluted, fine, pleatlike gyri- folia
32
what is located in the cerebellum white matter
1. arbor vitae 2. cerebellar peduncles
33
arbor vitae
white matter deep to gray matter within cerebellum
34
cerebellar peduncles
connects to brainstem, inferior cerebellar peduncle-medulla; middle pons, superior-midbrain -the structure connecting the cerebellum to the brain stem and the cerebrum
35
What is located in the cerebellum gray matter
1. cortex 2. deep nuclei
36
cortex
-outer gray area
37
deep nuclei
-deeply situated masses of gray in white matter
38
cerebellum function
maintain normal muscle tone, balance, equilibrium -activity occurs subconsciously
39
What three functions does the cerebrum have?
1. conscious sensing 2. processing (higher level activities, problem solving, language, creativity, memory) 3. voluntary output
40
fissure
deep groove
41
longitudinal fissure in cerebrum
-forms hemisphere
42
transverse fissure in cerebrum
-between cerebrum and cerebellum
43
hemispheres in cerebrum
-two not equal in function 90% of right handed people -left (speech, analytical, skills, reading) -right (musical themes, nonverbal functions)
44
vermis
the unpaired, median portion of the cerebellum that connects the two hemispheres
45
lobes
-named after cranial bones 1. parietal 2. temporal 3. frontal 4. occipital 5. insula
46
insula
-located deep within lateral sulcus
47
cerebral cortex
gray matter, 6 layers of nerve cell bodies
48
sulcus
-shallow depression -increases surface area and pack in neurons
49
gyrus
convolution -increases surface area and pack in neurons
50
primary motor area "broca's area"
located in left hemisphere -deals with speech -voluntary motor area (corticospinal tract)
51
primary sensory area, visual area, and auditory area
-located in temporal lobe -visual area located in occipital lobe
52
associated areas
-integrate, analyze, judgement, and reasoning happen here
53
precentral sulcus
primary motor area
54
prefrontal area
deals with judgement
55
post central gyrus
primary sensory area
56
cerebral white matter
deep to cortex
57
association fibers
between gyri in same hemisphere
58
commissural fibers (corpus callosum)
between hemispheres
59
projection fibers
between cerebrum and other brain parts
60
basal ganglia/ cerebral nuclei location
gray areas located in the white matter of each hemisphere
61
basal ganglia/ cerebral nuclei function
-most important component of extrapyramidal system: skeletal muscle --> involuntary does not initiate movements but affects patterns and rhythms
62
the reticular formation
-a functional brainstem system that maintains cerebral cortical alertness, extends length of brainstem -arousal of brain as a whole -in coma has zero function here
63
the limbic system
-emotional brain -many regions of gray matter affecting emotional behavior -cortex of frontal and temporal lobe -thalamus -hypothalamus -also sense of smell
64
blood brain barrier
-least permeable capillaries in body due to tighter junctions of endothelial cells
65
list the cranial meninges
1. dura mater 2. arachnoid (subarachnoid space) 3. pia mater
66
list spaces in the dura mater
1. falx cerebri 2. falx cerebelli 3. tentorium cerebelli
67
falx cerebri
is a fold within longitudinal fissure- separate cerebral hemisphere
68
falx cerebelli
runs along vermis, separates cerebellar hemisphere
69
tentorium cerebelli
intransverse fissure -resembles a tent
70
cerebrospinal fluid
- clear, colorless, and watery- similar composition to blood plasma from which is arises -150 ml formed every 3-4 hours (1000 ml/ day) -reduces brain weight by 97% -protects brain from blows and trauma -helps nourish brain
71
ventricles
-spaces filled with CSF -specialized ventricles produce CSF from blood plasma
72
lateral ventricles
-within each hemisphere -separated by septum pellucidum
73
third ventricle
cerebral diencephalon aqueduct
74
fourth ventricle
between brain stem and cerebellum
75
CSF production
-choroid plexuses in ventricles made from plasam
76
CSF drainage
from the 4th ventricle into subarachnoid space
77
CSF function
-absorb shock -protection -nutrients -stable environment -waste from cells to blood
78
ventricle pathway
lateral ventricles --> third ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> 4th ventricle

Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 (12 decks)

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