Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A

-Sensory (input)
-Process (integrate)
-Motor (output)
*fast acting, major controller and integrator of the body
*two things you can output to (muscle and /or gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS (central nervous system)
- Brain and spinal cord
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
-somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

afferent (sensory)

A

nerve fibers that convey impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

efferent (motor)

A

conducts impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscle and glands)
-bring about a motor response
-cell body located in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

central nervous system

A

-consist of brain and spinal cord
-is the integrating and control center of the nervous system
-interprets sensory input and dictates motor output
-there are no nerves in the CNS all in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

somatic nervous system

A

-somatic nerve fibers connect impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
-voluntary system (consciously control our skeletal muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-composed of motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
-involuntary system (we cannot control this)
-ex: pumping of our heart, movement of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

glial cells

A

-these are supporting cells located in the CNS, they act as the glue
-these are non-excitable cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the general function of glial cells?

A

support and maintain neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

-composes myelin sheath in CNS, no regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

astrocyte

A

-star shaped cells, in between neurons and blood vessels. Numerous and support and brace neurons anchoring them to blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

microglia

A

-act like white blood cells, when microorganisms are invading they are present, turn into a macrophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are cut fibers permanently damaged?

A
  • in the CNS, they can be saved in the PNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three basic parts of a neuron?

A
  1. body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neuron general function

A

-generates and conducts nerve impulses
-contains no centrioles so they are amitotic in nature ( meaning they do not undergo mitosis)
-once destroyed cannot be made again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Structure of a motor neuron contains?

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
  4. nissl body
  5. neurofibrils
  6. axoplasm
    7.axolemma
  7. axon collateral (s)
  8. telodendrion (terminal branches)
  9. myelin sheath (Schwann cells)
  10. node of Ranvier
  11. neurilemma
    *motor neurons are efferent neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cell body

A

the biosynthetic and metabolic center (lots of mitochondria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dendrites

A

-short, branching neuron process that serves as a receptor or input region to receive synaptic inputs, from axon or others neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

axon

A

long process carrying impulse away from the cell body, the conducting and generating portion of a nerve cell
-made from axon hillocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nissl body

A

-similar to the rough ER, they are protein synthesizers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

neurofibrils

A

-part of the cytoskeleton, maintains shape
-also help transport neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

axoplasm

A

cytoplasm within the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

axolemma

A

plasma membrane of axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

axon collateral (s)

A

right angle branches
-are rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

telodendria (terminal branches)

A

branching ends of an axon, can have hundreds of these and they hold neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

myelin sheath (schwann cells)

A

fatty insulating sheath that surrounds all but the smallest nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Schwann cells

A

-form the myelin sheath, located in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

node of Ranvier

A

-break in the myelin sheath

22
Q

neurilemma

A

outer wrap of myelin sheath

23
Q

axon terminals

A

-located at the end of branching ends and contain neurotransmitters
-can make more of these by learning
-bulbous ends

24
Q

When is an impulse officially called an impulse?

A

-when it gets to the axon

25
Q

Salatatory conduction

A

-happens in myelin sheath, when impulses jump across myelin from node to node to help speed up conduction

26
Q

Functional classification of neurons

A

-direction in which impulses are conducted

27
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

-can be bipolar or unipolar
-transmit impulses from some receptor (skin, sense, organs, viscera) to the CNS
-cell body located in the PNS

28
Q

bipolar neuron

A
  • 1 dendrite and 1 axon
    -this is a sensory neuron
29
Q

unipolar neuron

A

A unipolar neuron has one axon which extends into dendrites
-this is a sensory neuron

30
Q

Association neurons

A

-an example are interneurons, connector neurons
-most of the neurons in the system are this
-conduct impulses within the CNS
- connect INPUT to an OUTPUT

31
Q

motor (efferent) neuron

A

-multipolar
-transmit impulses away from CNS to effector
-the body of a motor neuron is in the CNS

32
Q

Structural classification of neurons basis

A

number of processes extending from the cell body

33
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

many dendrites with one axon

34
Q

Nerve description

A
  • bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in PNS
35
Q

Nerve location and type

A

Spinal Nerves: located in the spinal cord
Cranial Nerves: arises from the brain

36
Q

Sensory nerve

A

conduct impulses towards the CNS (made from sensory neurons)

37
Q

motor nerve

A

conduct impulses away from the CNS (made from motor neuron)

38
Q

mixed neuron

A

-ALL SPINAL NERVES ARE MIXED
-conducts impulses toward and away from the CNS (made from both sensory and motor neurons)

39
Q

Epineurium

A

-connective tissue covering the entire nerve

40
Q

Perineurium (fascicles)

A

-connective tissue that divides nerves into smaller bundles of nerves
-made of DFCT

41
Q

endoneurium

A

-connective tissue surrounding each nerve fiber which is LFCT

42
Q

Example of ion channels (3 types of doorways)

A
  1. leakage channel (diffusion)
  2. chemically (ligand) gated channel (based neuron transmitters)
  3. Voltage gated channel (based on mv)
43
Q

Physiology of a nerve impulse

A
  1. Transmission along a neuron
  2. Formation of an Action Potential (an impulse)
  3. Repolarization
44
Q

A resting neuron

A
  1. Polarized (different charge on either side of membrane, positive outside, negative inside)

2.Na and K pump ( 3 sodium out, 2 potassium in)(sodium is in excess outside and potassium excess inside)

  1. many - ions inside cell (charged proteins to large to exit cell)

*conditions of a resting neuron needs these to be ready for potential
Na and K pumps open and close depending on voltage

45
Q

Formation of an action potential (an impulse)

A
  1. threshold stimulus changes permeability of membrane to Na (Na channel opens) (weakest stimulus capable of getting a response)
  2. Na rushes into cell–> membrane begins to depolarize (decrease in membrane potential)
  3. as even more Na rushes in there is a momentary reversal in polarity
  4. This local event causes the collapse of resting potential in the adjacent area of the membrane
  5. depolarization spreads like a chain reaction down the length of the membrane to the end of the axon
46
Q

Impulse

A

-a wave of depolarization that travels down the neuron

47
Q

What principle does an action potential follow

A

-all or nothing principal
goes from -70 mv –> 0 –> +30 mv (closes Na channel and opens K+ channel)

48
Q

Repolarization

A

-return to the resting state
1. part of membrane over which impulse has passed begins to repolarize
2. Na channels close
3. K even leaks out to restore a (+) charge outside
4. the Na and K pumps work to reestablish the original distribution of Na and K ions

49
Q

refractory period

A

-period following stimulation when no additional actional potential can be made

50
Q

What contributes to the speed of impulse

A
  1. myelin
  2. thickness of fibers
51
Q

synapse

A

transmits impulses between neurons

52
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

-1st neuron at a synapse releases neurotransmitters (AXON)

53
Q

synaptic gap

A
  • neurotransmitter released into a gap
    -junction between two neurons
54
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

2nd neuron at a synapse, that receives neurotransmitters (DENDRITES)

55
Q

neurotransmitter substances description

A

-chemical messenger released by neurons stored in axon terminals

56
Q

Which neuron at a synapse releases he neurotransmitter substance

A

presynaptic neuron

57
Q

What effect does the neurotransmitter substance have on the postsynaptic neuron?

A
  1. excitatory , open Na pump
  2. inhibitory hard to open Na pump (add to negativity)
58
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

-threshold is lowered, neurotransmitter increase membrane permeability to Na+ –> norepinephrine
ex: serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline

59
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

-threshold is raised, neurotransmitters causes a decrease in membrane permeability Na+–> GABA

60
Q

what effect does the postsynaptic neuron have on the nerotransmitter

A

-releases enzyme to destroy neurotransmitters (clears the gap)

61
Q

why is transmission of an impulse in one direction only

A

-only axons store and release neurotransmitters

62
Q

synaptic fatgue

A

-overstimulation “runs out” of neurotransmitter

63
Q

What was the first neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions