Integumentary system

Question 1

Membranes

Answer 1

simplest of all organs (made up of two tissues)

Question 2

Mucosae (mucous)

Answer 2

-lines body cavities that are open to the exterior can be simple columnar or stratified squamous
-found in respiratory, vagina, esophagus

Question 3

Serosae (serous)

Answer 3

-line body cavities that are closed to the exterior
-visceral and parietal, no opening to the outside world, simple form

Question 4

cutaneous

Answer 4

study as skin, now largest organ in the body

Question 5

Synovial

Answer 5

-specialized connective soft tissue that lines the inner surface of synovial joint capsules

Question 6

Function of the integument (skin)

Answer 6

1. cover and protection from infectious agents
2. body temp
3. keeps water in
4. protect from chemicals and sun
   5.make precursor for vitamin D and calcium
   6.Protect from mechanical trauma
5. Contain sensory receptors

Question 7

Epidermis

Answer 7

outermost part of skin (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)
-skin is not exactly water proof
-

Question 8

stratum germinativum (basalis) (most deep)

Answer 8

-single layer of cells on basement membrane
- undergoes mitosis
-about 75% are keratin makers
-25% melanin makers stay there

Question 9

Stratum spinosum (Malpighi)

Answer 9

-8 to 10 layers thick,
-looks spiny due to keratinocytes
some mitosis occurs

Question 10

stratum granulosum

Answer 10

• 1 to 5 layers
  -thin
  -grainy appearance
  -process of keratinization occurs

Question 11

Stratum lucidum

Answer 11

-only found in palms and soles
-known as clear layer

Question 12

stratum corneum

Answer 12

-broad zone from 20-30 cells
-keratin and protein accumulate inside to protect skin against penetration and abrasion
-the glycolipid layer helps keep this layer “waterproof”

Question 13

keratin

Answer 13

-fibrous protein found in the epidermis, hair, skin, and nails that make those structures hard and water resistant

Question 14

rickets

Answer 14

vitamin D deficiency

Question 15

melanin

Answer 15

-dark pigment formed by cells called melanocytes, imparts color to hair and skin
-made in membrane bound granules called melanosomes
-only found in the deeper layers of the epidermis

Question 16

Dermis

Answer 16

-made of strong connective tissue
-its cells are those found in connective tissue proper, semi-fluid matrix embedded with fibers
-has two layers papillary and reticular

Question 17

Papillary layer

Answer 17

-thin, superficial areolar connective tissue, where fine collagen and elastin fibers are woven together. Looseness allows phagocytes and other defensive cells to wander
-finger like projections that come to the surface (fingerprints) increase friction on the body
-made of 20% LFCT

Question 18

Reticular layer

Answer 18

-deeper layer which accounts for 80% of the thickness of the dermis made of (DFCT)
-the network of blood vessels that nourish this is called dermal vascular plexus
-has a network of collagen fibers

Question 19

Hypodermis

Answer 19

-underneath the dermis also called subcutaneous tissue
-not part of the skin but shares some of skin’s properties
-consist mostly of adipose tissue with some areolar connective tissue
-anchors skin to underlying structures, protects us from bumps, and act as shock absorber

Question 20

Hair

Answer 20

-forms complex structural units, the hairs are long filaments
-hair has different functions, on head it protects from hair follicles, heat loss, sunlight.
-eyelashes protect from particles and nose hairs from particles

Question 21

sebaceous glands

Answer 21

-oil glands, simple branched alveolar glands that form all over the body but palms and soles
-secrete a substance called sebum
-these are holocrine glands
-most develop as outgrowths of hair follicles

Question 22

sudoriferous glands (eccrine)

Answer 22

-sweat glands far more numerous than apocrine and abundant on palms, soles of the feet, forehead
-secret sweat help regulate body temperature

Question 23

sudoriferous glands (apocrine)

Answer 23

• located mainly in the axillary (armpit) and genital area
  -sweat glands that contribute to stinky smell
  -larger than sweat glands, they lie deep into the dermis

Question 24

nails

Answer 24

-form a clear protective covering over the dorsal surface of the distal part of the finger
-contain hard keratin

Question 25

The Inflammatory Response

Answer 25

mast cells: WBC that response to injury and release histamines and permanently change permeability of blood vessels there, So more water leaves blood (SWELLING) edema. You wash the area and more WBC come that undergo phagocytosis to clean up dead material (PUS). Looks red from increase blood flow to area. Blood is 100.4 F (38 C), that is why the area feels warm. Results in variable amount of pain

Question 26

Burns 1st degree burn

Answer 26

only epidermis burned away, looks red b/c closer to connective tissue

Question 27

Burns 2nd degree burn

Answer 27

went past epidermis, forms sacs of fluid in between epidermis

Question 28

Burns 3rd degree burn

Answer 28

-full thickness burn, infection and dehydration is an issue