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Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 > Spinal cord: spinal nerves > Flashcards

Spinal cord: spinal nerves Flashcards

1
Q

white matter

A

myelinated fibers

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2
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

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3
Q

Nerve (color)

A

white

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4
Q

Nerve (cell bodies or fibers?)

A

fibers

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5
Q

Nerve location

A

PNS

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6
Q

Tract (color)

A

white

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7
Q

Tract (cell bodies or fibers?)

A

fibers

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8
Q

Tract location

A

CNS

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9
Q

Ganglia (color)

A

gray

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10
Q

ganglia (cell bodies or fibers?)

A

cell bodies

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11
Q

ganglia location

A

PNS

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12
Q

nuclei (color)

A

gray

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13
Q

nuclei (cell bodies or fibers?)

A

cell bodies

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14
Q

nuclei location

A

CNS

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15
Q

Spinal cord

A

enclosed within the vertebral column
* shorter than the vertebral column
-white matter on the outside and gray matter on the inside

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16
Q

spinal cord functions

A
  1. conduction of impulses between periphery and brain
  2. reflex center
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17
Q

Foramen magnum

A

this is where the spinal cord begins and passes thru

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18
Q

vertebral foramen

A

vertebral canal

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19
Q

conus medullaris

A

spinal cord terminates , tapered end of spinal cord (L1,L2)

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20
Q

what are the three layers in the meninges

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid
  3. pia mater
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21
Q

dura mater

A

tough mother, outermost layer made of collagen fibers (white)

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22
Q

Arachnoid

A

middle meninges, extends to sacrum, looks like spiderwebs

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23
Q

pia mater

A

gentle mother , clings to spinal cord, vascular, and transparent , contains cerebral spinal fluid

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24
Q

subarachnoid space

A

-the space between arachnoid and pia mater
- contains cerebral spinal fluid

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25
Q

filum terminale

A

fibrous extension of pia mater, from conus medullaris to coccyx anchors

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26
Q

epidural space

A

-space between dura mater and bone filled with adipose tissue and LFCT

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27
Q

spinal cord shape

A

-3/4th in diameter, flattened discs that are cylindrical

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28
Q

cervical enlargement

A

contains cell bodies of motor neurons –> controls the muscles of upper extremities
- C4-T1

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29
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

-contain cell bodies of motor neurons –> controls the muscles of the lower extremities
- T9-T12
-right above the conus

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30
Q

Where can you find cerebral spinal fluid?

A
  1. subarachnoid
  2. central canal
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31
Q

How many segments (pairs) of spinal nerves

A

31
-each segment is defined by a pair of spinal nerves

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32
Q

posterior/dorsal median sulcus

A

-a deep groove located on the posterior surface of the spinal cord

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33
Q

anterior/ventral median fissue

A

-the deep midline furrow on the anterior surface of the spinal cord

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34
Q

What is located in the gray matter in the spinal cord

A
  1. posterior gray horn
  2. lateral gray horn
  3. anterior gray horn
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35
Q

posterior/dorsal gray horn

A

-responsible for sensory processing, receive incoming (afferent) sensory signals

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36
Q

lateral gray horn

A

-only found in the thoracic and lumbar segments
-cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers found here
-also contains cell bodies for autonomic output
-central component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

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37
Q

anterior gray horn

A

-sends out motor signals to the skeletal system
-somatic contains cells bodies of motor neurons
-anything that causes anterior horn destruction causes paralysis

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38
Q

What is located in the white matter in the spinal cord

A
  1. posterior white column (funiculus)
  2. lateral white column (funiculus)
  3. anterior white column (funiculus)
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39
Q

Posterior white column (funiculus)

A

-located between the two posterior horns of gray matter
-receives information regarding touch and sensation

40
Q

lateral white column (funiculus)

A

white matter on either side of the spinal cord between the posterior horns and axon of anterior horn neurons

41
Q

anterior white column (funiculus)

A

front column of white matter in your spinal cord

42
Q

gray commissure

A

-allows impulse to go left to right in the same structure
-gray matter that surrounds the central canal and connects two halves of the spinal cord

43
Q

central canal

A

-runs the length of the spinal cord and contains cerebral spinal fluid

44
Q

Tracts description

A

-bundles of myelinated fibers located in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
-all tracts are paired
-most pathways cross over (decussate)
-most pathways consist of a chain of 2 or 3 neurons
-inputs from more superior body parts are more lateral

45
Q

proprioception

A

nerve ending that senses change in muscle tension

46
Q

What are the ascending tracts

A
  1. fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
  2. spinothalamic
  3. spinocerebellar
47
Q

fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus

A

conscious interpretation of general sensation, discrimination touch
-located in a certain part of the cerebrum
-“conscious” proprioception
-gracilis =from lower limbs
- cuneatus = from upper limbs

48
Q

what is the input for ascending tracts

A

spinal cord to brain

49
Q

what is the input for descending tracts

A

brain to spinal cord

50
Q

spinothalamic

A

-is less precise than fasciculus gracilis
-senses coarse touch

51
Q

spinocerebellar

A

-no consciousness awareness- proprioception
-does not decussate
-all the joints and muscles in the body letting you know where you are in space

52
Q

what are descending tracts?

A
  1. corticospinal (pyramidal)
  2. reticulospinal (extrapyramidal)
  3. rubrospinal (extrapyramidal)
53
Q

corticospinal (pyramidal)

A

-only voluntary pathway to skeletal muscles, decussate in medulla

54
Q

reticulospinal (extrapyramidal)

A

-involuntary use of skeletal muscles

55
Q

rubrospinal (extrapyrimidal)

A

-controls flexor muscles
-involuntary use of skeletal muscles

56
Q

Number of spinal nerves

57
Q

Total number per segment of spinal nerves

58
Q

What happens when you injure anterior horn destruction?

A

-causes paralysis that is where the body of motor neuron is
ex: poliovirus

59
Q

dorsal root

A

responsible for input

60
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

-bodies of sensory neurons here

61
Q

ventral root

A

-responsible for output

62
Q

body of motor neuron

A
  • located in the anterior horn
63
Q

body of sensory neuron

A

-located in the ganglion

64
Q

mixed nerve

A
  • all spinal nerves are mixed
65
Q

ganglion

A

cell bodies outside CNS in the PNS

66
Q

cuneatus

A

-from upper limb

67
Q

gracilis

A

from lower limb

68
Q

spinal nerve naming

A

cervical (C1-C8
thoracic (T1-T12)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
sacrum (S1-S5)
coccyx (Co 1)

69
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

-spinal nerves pass through the foramen , formed by lower lumbar and sacral spinal nerve

70
Q

cauda equina

A

-collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the vertebral canal

71
Q

branches (rami)

A
  1. meningeal branch (3 branches right back into dorsal cavity)
  2. posterior branch (short branches)
  3. anterior branch (
    -autonomic branch (only in some spinal nerves)
    * these are all spinal nerves
72
Q

plexus

A

network of spinal nerves at the inferior end of vertebral canal
- only anterior branches from plexus , not from thoracic spinal nerves except for T1 and T12

73
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C4 under sternocleidomastoid in phrenic nerve to diaphragm C3-C4

74
Q

Brachial plexus

A

C5-C8, T1 between neck and armpit
- contains radial nerve, axillary nerve, and ulnar nerve

75
Q

lumbar plexus

A

-T12, L1-L4
-femoral nerve located here

76
Q

sacral plexus

A

L4-L5
S1-S2
sciatic nerve located here

77
Q

Dermatomes

A

-all spinal nerves except C1, service particular areas of the skin
-cutaneous branches of the nerves, sensory innervation much overlapping

78
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves do we have?

79
Q

Where are spinal reflexes initiated and completed

A

at the spinal cord level

80
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves?

81
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves ?

82
Q

Nerve pathway

A

the path of an impulse

83
Q

reflex arc

A

nerve pathway of a reflex simplest of the nerve pathways

84
Q

reflex

A

autonomic, unconsciousness response to a stimulus

85
Q

Parts of a reflex arc

A
  1. receptor
  2. sensory (afferent neuron)
  3. interneuron
  4. motor (efferent neuron)
    5.effector (skeletal neuron)
86
Q

What can a receptor be ?

A

-can be the end of a dendrite or a specialized structure

87
Q

What are examples of reflex arcs

A
  1. stretch reflex
  2. flexor reflex
  3. crossed extensor reflex
88
Q

stretch reflex

A

-knee jerk reflex
-just two neurons no interneuron
-maintains normal muscle tone
-monosynaptic ipsilateral
-every muscle has sensory input on itself

89
Q

neuromuscular spindle

A

-receptor for stretch of muscle fibers

90
Q

flexor reflex

A

-withdrawal reflex
-polysynaptic inter-segmental ipsilateral

91
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

-polysynaptic intersegmental contralateral

92
Q

monosynaptic

A

one synapses, and two neurons

93
Q

polysynaptic

A

more than 1 synapses- more than 2 neurons

94
Q

ipsilateral

A

-input and output on the same side of body

95
Q

contralateral

A

-input comes into spinal cord on one side of body and output exits on opposite side

96
Q

intersegmental

A

-more than one segment involved

97
Q

Is there a such thing as a pure motor neuron ?

A

-no, has one sensory neuron contributing to stretch

Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 (12 decks)

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