Skeletal system Flashcards
Skeletal system function
- support and protection
- blood cell formation (red marrow)
- storage of fat (yellow marrow)
- storage of calcium
- movement of muscle
long bones
longer than it is wide
short bones
look like cubes, no medullary, compact on outside and sponge inside
ex: carpals, tarsals
flat bones
thin and curved bones, compact outside, sponge inside
ex: cranial bones, front bones, sternum
irregular bones
everything else
ex: zygomatic, mandible, vertebra, sphenoid,
Wormian bones
-tiny bones in sutures (islands of bones)
sesamoid bone
-patella is the only example of this that counts
-bone that forms in a tendon, vary in size and number
-some alter the direction of a pull of a tendon
Axial skeleton contains
-skull
-vertebral column
-ribs
-sternum
*also sacrum and coxal
Appendicular system contains
-upper extremities
-lower extremities
-girdles (shoulder and pelvic)
Girdle
-take an upper extremity and tie onto axial
-as the go-between
ex: shoulder girdle and hip girdle
fissure
-crack
foramen
hole
-blood vessel nerves travel through this
Process
-bone sticking out (non-specific)
* this is for muscle attachment and bone
ex: mandible
condyle
-knuckle
ethmoid
top of nasal cavity, one side
sphenoid
-butterfly
-delicate home of pituitary and brain rest on it, keystone of cranial floor all joins to it
Depression and openings
-fissure
-meatus
-sulcus
-foramen
-fossa
meatus
tube like opening
sulcus
furrow, less deep than a fissure
fossa
-broad and shallow depression
process forming joints
-condyle
-head
-facet
facet
smooth, flat surface that forms a joint with another flat bone or another facet, together creating a gliding joint
process to which tendons etc. attach
-tubercle
-trochanter
-line
-epicondyle
-tuberosity
-crest
-spine
cranial bones
- frontal (1)
- parietal (2)
- occipital (1)
- temporal (2)
- sphenoid (1)
- ethmoid (1)
Facial bones
Maxilla (2)
palatine (2)
zygomatic (2)
lacrimal (2)
nasal (2)
vomer (1)
inferior nasal conchae (2)
mandible (1)
mandible
only free moving bone
maxilla
responsible for hard pallet, make up 80%
palatine
-posterior part of mandible
zygomatic
cheek bones
hard pallet
-nasal floor
cleft pallete
-when maxilla and palatine do not meet
Temporal bone
contains the eardrum, cochlea, and has everything to do with the ear b/c intimate with the brain
middle ear ossicles
-malleus (2)
-incus (2)
-stapes (2)
hyoid bone
-only one
vertebral column
-cervical vertebra (7)
-thoracic vertebra (12)
-lumbar vertebra (5)
-sacrum (1)
-coccyx (1)
* in a fetus there are 5 bones in the sacrum
*only 4 curves in adults
*coccyx can have 3,4 or 5 bones
rib cage
-rib (24) (12 on each side)
-sternum (1)
pectoral girdle
-scapula (2)
-clavicle (2)
upper extremity
-humerus (2)
-radius (2)
-ulna (2)
-carpal (16)
-metacarpal (10)
phalanges (28)
pelvic girdle
-coxal or pelvic (2)
lower extremity
-femur (2)
-tibia (2)
-fibula (2)
-patella (2)
-tarsal (14)
-metatarsals (10)
-phalanges (28)
sutuers
-joints
-they are in the skull now but they start to connect to bone
-you can rank age by disappearance of suture lines
joints
articulations
Principle sutures of the cranium
- coronal
- sagittal
- lambdoid
- squamosal
What makes up the hard pallet
the maxilla and palatine
difference between cranial and facial bones
- the cranial bones encase the brain
Fontanels
are fibrous membranes at angles of cranial bone that accommodate for bone growth in fetus and infants
-allows babies head to be compressed during childbirth
-“soft spot”
hyoid bone
-only bone in the skeleton that does not join with any other bone
-located in the floor of the oral cavity
-if you get a fracture in this area most likely due to strangulation
What makes up the nasal septum?
- perpendicular plate of ethmoid
- vomer
Is the vomer cranial or facial bone?
facial
Is the perpendicular plate of ethmoid cranial or facial bone?
cranial
concha
-little seashells in nasal cavity, that set up turbulence when breathing, protection for lungs we have 6 pairs
which bones contain paranasal sinuses
- frontal
2.ethmoid - sphenoid
4.maxillary
Paranasal sinuses
-4 bones of the skull have this
-make the bones lighter
-all sinuses lead continuously to nasal cavity
** the nasal bones do not have sinuses***
True ribs
- number 1-7 of the ribs are considered true ribs because they have their own cartilage to connect to the sternum
False ribs
- number 8-12 but they can be false in two different ways
False ribs 8-10
-these ribs borrow the cartilage from ribs 1-7 and indirectly connect to the sternum
False ribs 11-12
-these are floating ribs and do not attach to the sternum but they do protect the kidney
What makes up the shoulder girdle
- scapula and clavical
What does the scapula not articulate to
-vertebral column
What does the clavicle articulate to
-sternum
What regions are the coxal bone divided into
- ilium (hip)
- pubic
- ischium (butt)
* in babies these are bones that have not fused into the coxal bone that is found in adults
* in adults these bones are no longer categorized as bones and are called regions
* old word used was oxcoxal
Where does the coxal join to?
-the sacrum
Where does the fibula not articulate to
-femur
* the fibia is a stabilizer you can live without one
Name two of the seven tarsals
- calcaneus
- talus
Tibia is to the ______ as the fibia is to the ______
ulna, radius
Phalanges
-14 per hand
-3 in each finger (3*4= 12)
- the thumb has 2
articulation
joint, place where one bone joins to another
2 ways to classify a joint
- How much movement
- Binding material
Synarthroses
no movement
amphiarthroses
a little movement
diarthroses
freely moving
Fibrous binding material for joints can be broken down into?
- Suture
- syndesmoses
- gomphoses
* all held by DFCT
* has no joint space
Suture (marking)
bone to bone with DFCT (ossification)
-sutures in the beginning are amphiarthroses (in babies) but as they get finer they become synarthroses
Syndesmoses
-bone to bone with joint, wider, longer than suture
-joint held together by a ligament
gomphoses
-peg in socket fibrous joint
-teeth in sockets
synostoses (Bony joint)
where suture lines disappear (bone to bone)
Type of binding material
- fibrous
- bony joint
- cartilaginous
cartilanginous binding material for joints can be broken down into?
- synchondroses
- symphyses
* no joint space
* cartilage binding material
synchondroses
-bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
- virtually all synchondroses are synarthrotic
(Ex: ribs to sternum)
*first rib is synarthrotic
symphyses
-bones united by fibrocartilage
-these are amphiarthrotic
ex: intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis of pelvis
Synovial
-attach with functionality always diarthrotic for synovial
-between all carpals
-has joint space
-periosteum wraps around the whole surface looks like a bump from the outside
Articular capsule
-also called joint capsule, covers everything significant
-external layer made of DFCT (irregular)
-inner layer is synovial membrane
synovial membrane
-inner layer of the joint capsule
-inside everywhere except where hyaline cartilage is
-makes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid
-to lubricate and protect cartilage, wear and tear and shock absorber
articular cartilage
-joint on bones found at the end that contains hyaline cartilage
-absorb compression placed on joint
epiphyseal plate
-temporary joint that is synarthrotic
Bursae
-sac filled with fluid at bony prominent areas
-not a joint, painful if infected
List the synovial (diarthrotic) joints
- hinge
- plane (gliding)
- condyloid
- saddle joint
- pivot
- ball-and-socket
hinge
-monaxial
-flexion and extension
ex: humerus to ulna, elbow
Plane
-non-axial
-gliding motion
ex: joints between vertebral articular surfaces, intercarpal joints
Condyloid
-biaxial
-curve, knuckle shape
-flexion and extension plus abduction and adduction
ex: knuckle joints, wrist joints
saddle joint
-biaxial
-adduction and abduction plus flexion and extension
ex: carpal to metacarpal in the thumb
pivot
monaxial
-rotation
ex: odontoid
ball-and-socket
-multiaxial movement
-rotation, flexion and extension, adduction and abduction
ex: shoulder, hip
