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Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 > Chemical level of organization > Flashcards

Chemical level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical elements of the human body

A

Major elements: (96.1%) (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen) + phosphorus and calcium = 99%
Lesser elements: (3.9%) : phosphorus, calcium
Trace elements: (less than 0.2 %) : zinc, cobalt

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

-Start with large, then break bonds to get smaller molecules
-also called decomposition (hydrolysis)
-when you break bonds you free up energy
-catabolism drives anabolism

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

-start with small, then form bond to make bigger molecules
-synthesis (dehydration synthesis)
-this reaction requires energy that you can obtain from catabolic reactions

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5
Q

Inorganic

A

not living
-typically lacks carbon hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

Water and its functions in the body

A

Amount in humans: varies depending on location
Functions 1. Act as a lubricant
2. Serve as a transportation medium
3. Help maintain constant temperature
4. Participates in chemical reactions

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7
Q

Water and temperature in the body

A

-Water has a stable temperature, so it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature making it useful in the body

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8
Q

Water as a transporting medium

A
  • water carries things in solution
    -pure distilled water is never found in the body, always mixed with something
    -can act as a solvent or a suspension
    Ex: blood, water based hormones, and lymph are watery based fluids that act as transporting mediums
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9
Q

Solution

A

mixture that is evenly distributed, you cannot differentiate the two

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10
Q

Solute

A

all things dissolved in their

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11
Q

solvent

A

water (thing doing the dissolving)

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12
Q

Water as a suspending medium

A

Ex: RBCs too large to be dissolved in blood, but moved by the force of blood moving

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13
Q

Suspension

A

acts as a transporting medium, what is in a suspension does not dissolve

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

-chemical reaction where you break bonds using water
-allows catabolic reactions to occur
-releases energy

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15
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A
  • Take away water from a chemical reaction to form a bond
    -allows anabolism to happen
    -this reaction is dependent upon synthesis (catabolism)
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16
Q

Acid

A

-when you put it in water it dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+)
-More stronger acid = more H+
- less H+ = still acid but not as strong

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17
Q

Where is acid found in the body or a product of?

A

-Acid is found in the stomach as HCl
-mucus protects the stomach from being affected
-cannot digest proteins without acid in the stomach
-a product of acid is heartburn. When you take anti-acids you make the environment in your stomach more basic. Long term this can cause problems with digestion

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18
Q

Base

A

-when dissolved in water is dissociates into hydroxyl ions (OH-)
-Blood is somewhat basic with a PH of 7.4, you will die if it becomes acidic

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19
Q

Name one part of the body or product that is basic

A

-pancreas uses OH-
-small intestine is basic

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20
Q

pH; the pH scale

A

measure of how many hydrogen ions in solution

above 7 = basic
7 = neutral
below 7 = acidic

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21
Q

Buffers

A

-they maintain pH in the body by altering H+ or OH- ions
- Ex: kidneys flush out hydrogen ions and you urinate them out

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22
Q

Organic molecules

A

-living things
-contains carbon and hydrogen bonds or carbon-carbon
-fundamental building blocks

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23
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • carbon attached to water
    Function: body fuel
    Ratio: 1:2:1 (1 carbon : 2x hydrogen : 1 oxygen)
    -group of molecules that contain sugar and starches
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24
Q

Three things to identify carbohydrates

A

-you need to see hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

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25
Monosaccharides
-simplest form of a carbohydrate -are the building blocks, ready to be digested in this form -logs for the fire there to be burned -larger carbohydrate less soluble in water ex: glucose, galactose, and fructose
25
Monosaccharides
-simplest form of a carbohydrate -are the building blocks, ready to be digested in this form -logs for the fire there to be burned -larger carbohydrate less soluble in water ex: glucose, galactose, and fructose
26
Disaccharides
-double sugar -2 monosaccharides joined together, has to be broken down by the body before it can be used Formed: dehydration synthesis Broken: Hydrolysis Ex: maltose, lactose, sucrose
27
Which carbohydrates (sugar) come together to from what?
Glucose + Glucose = maltose Glucose + Galactose = lactose Glucose + fructose = sucrose
28
Polysaccharides
-hundreds of monosaccharides -starch is one of the forms that come from plants -glycogen is one of the forms that come from animals and stored in liver cells and skeletal muscles -we only take what we need, and that depends on our lifestyle the rest can get stored as fat and the leftover is stored as another polysaccharide
29
Cellulose
-type of polysaccharide that cannot be broken down by the body and used as fiber
30
Lipids
Neutral fat Functions: used for insulation and fuel . Protection of organs and cell membranes, Makes sex hormones - not easy to break down it goes into a fatty acid and glycerol -babies need full fat milk to develop the myelin sheath (basis of MS disease) -diabetics cannot use glucose, so they break down fat, but the breakdown produces acid which can affect pH of blood -the fatty acid group may vary but it will always contain 1 glycerol
31
Fatty Acid
-hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group (C double bonded to O and bonded to OH)
32
Triglycerides
-major form of stored energy in the body -fat deposits protect and insulate body organs -composed of glycerol and fatty acid chains - almost all the fat we eat is this
33
Triglycerides
-major form of stored energy in the body -fat deposits protect and insulate body organs -composed of glycerol and fatty acid chains -3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
34
Saturated fats
-a fatty acid where there is only single bonds in between -comes from an animal -can clog arteries
35
Unsaturated Fats
-Fatty acid where there are double bonds between -these will come from plants probably -in liquid form most time (ex: olive oil)
36
How is a molecule of fat broken down and formed?
Formed: dehydration synthesis Broken: hydrolysis
37
Diglyceride and monoglyceride
-2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol, and one fatty acid attached to a glycerol respectfully -used as additives in food
38
Functions of Proteins
1. Building material 2. Transport 3. Hormones 4. Antibodies 5. Enzymes ex: actin and myosin are proteins used to build muscle ex: hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen
39
Enzymes
-almost all proteins are this -they have specific shapes -used for speeding up a chemical reaction - every single chemical reaction in the body has its own enzymes -end in ASE
40
Amino Acid
-building blocks of proteins -we have 20 different amino acids -contain an amine group, central carbon, carboxyl group, and a R group -need at least 50 of them to make a protein -EX: sickle cell disease, one amino acid is changed and the red blood cell is deformed
41
Peptide Bond
-bond joining the amine groups of one amino acid to the carboxyl group with the loss of a water molecule
42
Dipeptide
-two united amino acids
43
polypeptide
-ten or more amino acids united
44
Nucleic acid
Function: carry genetic information, which is read in cells to make RNA and proteins Description: composed of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and hydrogen, and are the largest molecules in the body. Two classes of molecules deoxynucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
45
Nucleotide
-building blocks of nucleic acid (RNA/DNA) -consist of a sugar molecule (ribose) or (deoxyribose) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base -Bases used in DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine - A goes with T, and C goes with G -this chemistry is the same in all living things
46
DNA structure
-nucleotide match by complementary bases -the rungs of DNA consists of base pairs joined by hydrogen bonds -the backbone of DNA ladder consist of alternating sugar and phosphate units
47
Cell
-smallest unit of life Principle parts of a cell 1. nucleus 2. cytoplasm 3. plasma membrane
48
Plasma (cell) membrane
-the outer boundary of the cell, which acts as a selectively permeable membrane
49
Functions of plasma (cell) membrane
1. Transport channels (cell doors) 2. receptor sites 3. cell identity markers 4. enzymes 5. cell to cell contact
50
Permeable
can pass through
51
Impermeable
cannot pass through
52
semipermeable (selectively permeable)
-what things are (some can pass through others cannot)
53
Factors that affect permeability
1. size 2. solubility 3. charge 4. presence of "carriers" protein doors
54
Passive Transport
-does not require energy (ATP) -diffusion and facilitated diffusion are examples of this
55
Diffusion
-move from an area of high concentration (of water) to an area of low concentration (of water) till equilibrium -moves on its own kinetic energy -EX: oxygen diffuses into blood, but you don't take it all through there
56
Facilitated Diffusion
-diffusion but needs a doorway (for permeability)
57
Osmosis
-passive process (no ATP) -diffusion of water from high concentrated area to low concentrated -blood pressure is an example of osmosis
58
Hypertonic
-too much salt in the solution, water pours out of cell -cell shrinks
59
hypotonic
-to little salt in the solution, so the cell swells up as water rushes in ex: distilled water
60
isotonic
-no net movement of water from cell or solution, no osmosis
61
Active transport
-requires ATP (energy) to move materials across the membrane, requires ATP and protein carrier -does not go to equilibrium
62
Filtration
physical separating process that separates solid matter and a fluid using a filter medium
63
dialysis
-procedure to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly
64
Phagocytosis
cell eating (white blood cells) -Needs ATP
65
Pinocytosis
cell is drinking water
66
Cytoplasm (cytosol)
-80% water made of, is the cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane -the site of protein synthesis, first stage of cellular respiration, mitosis, meiosis
67
Nucleus
-usually in the center of the cell -storehouse of the genetic information, directs cellular activities, including division
68
Nuclear Membrane
-the double membrane barrier of a cell nucleus -semipermeable
69
Nucleoplasm
-jelly like fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope, equivalent to cytoplasm -contains salts nutrients and other solutions
70
Nucleolus
-spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus primary function is to produce and assemble ribosomes
71
Chromatin
-dispersed in the nucleus -contains genetic material (DNA) coils during mitosis
72
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
-in the cytoplasm -transports proteins (made on its ribosomes) to other sites in the cell, synthesizes membrane lipids
73
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
-in the cytoplasm -site of steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism
74
Ribosome
-attached to the membrane systems or in the cytoplasm -synthesizes proteins
75
Golgi Body
-near the nucleus (in the cytoplasm) -packages proteins to be incorporated into the plasma membrane or packaged into lysosomes to be exported from the cell
76
Mitochondria
-scattered throughout the cell -control release of energy from foods, from ATP
77
Lysosomes
-scattered in the cytoplasm -digest ingested materials and worn out organelles (contain powerful digestive enzymes)
78
microtubules and microfilaments
Microtubules: one of the three types of cytoskeletal elements, hollow tube made of tubulin Microfilaments: thin strands of protein actin

Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 (12 decks)

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