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Neuromuscular NPTE > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Prosencephalon

A

AKA - Forebrain

  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
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2
Q

Telencephalon

A

Part of the forebrain

  • The largest division of the human brain
  • Consists of the cerebrum (cerebral cortex), hippocampus, basal ganglia, and amygdala
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3
Q

Cerebrum

A

Main portion of the brain divided into left and right halves, with all the lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)

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4
Q

Left Hemisphere

A
  • Language (written and spoken)
  • Logic and Rational
  • Analytical/Mathematical calculations
  • Positive emotion such as love and happiness
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5
Q

Right Hemisphere

A
  • Nonverbal processing
  • Artistic ability/Musical understanding
  • Hand-eye coordination
  • Kinesthetic awareness/spatial relationships/body image
  • Mathematical reasoning
  • Understanding nonverbal communication
  • Express negative emotions
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6
Q

Frontal Lobe Function

A
  • Voluntary movement, intellect, orientation
  • Broca’s area (speech, concentration) - usually on the left
  • personality, temper, judgement, reasoning, behavior, self awareness, executive function
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7
Q

Frontal Lobe Impairments

A
  • contralateral weakness
  • perseveration, inattention
  • personality changes, antisocial behavior
  • impaired concentration, apathy
  • Broca’s aphasia (expressive)
  • delayed or poor initiation
  • emotional libility
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8
Q

Parietal Lobe Function

A
  • touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration, temperature
  • receives information about hearing, vision, motor, sensory, and memory.
  • provides meaning for objects
  • interprets language and words
  • spatial and visual perception
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9
Q

Parietal Lobe Impairments

A
  • agraphia, alexia, agnosia
  • dressing appraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
  • contralateral sensory deficits
  • impaired language comprehension
  • impaired taste
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10
Q

Temporal Lobe Function

A
  • auditory processing, olfaction
  • Wernicke’s area - ability to understand and produce language
  • interpreting other people’s emotions and reactions
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11
Q

Temporal Lobe Impairment

A
  • learning deficits
  • Wernicke’s aphasia
  • antisocial, aggressive behavior
  • difficulty with facial recognition
  • difficulty with memory, memory loss
  • inability to categorize objects
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12
Q

Occipital Lobe Function

A
  • main processing center for visual information
  • processes visual information regarding colors, light, and shapes
  • judgment of distance, seeing in three dimensions
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13
Q

Occipital Lobe Impairment

A
  • homonymous hemianopsia
  • impaired extraocular muscle movement and visual deficits
  • impaired color recognition
  • reading and writing impairment
  • cortical blindness and bilateral lobe involvement
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14
Q

Hippocampus

A

Located deep in the temporal lobe

-responsible for forming and storing memory and learning language

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15
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Gray matter masses located deep in the cerebrum

  • includes the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nuclei
  • responsible for voluntary movement, regulation of autonomic movement, posture, muscle tone, and control of motor responses.
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16
Q

Amygdala

A

Small, almond shaped nucleus located within the temporal lobes of each hemisphere.
-emotional and social processing, processing of memory, and formation of emotional memories.

17
Q

Diencephalon

A

Part of the forebrain

  • Located beneath the cerebral hemispheres
  • Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, and epithalamus
  • Location where the major motor and sensory tracts synapse, and an interactive site between the CNS and endocrine system
18
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay or processing station for the majority of information that goes to the cerebral cortex.
-coordinates sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement.

19
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Regulating hormones.
  • Hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, sleeping
  • body temperature, adrenal glands, pituitary gland
20
Q

Subthalamus

A

-Regulating movements produced by skeletal muscles

21
Q

Epithalamus

A

-secreting melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythm.

22
Q

Mesencephalon

A

AKA Midbrain
one of the three components of the brainstem and is located at the base of the brain above the spinal cord.
-Reflex center for visual, auditory, and tactile responses

23
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

AKA Hindbrain

consists of the cerebellum, pons, and medula oblongata

24
Q

Cerebellum (metencephalon)

A
  • responsible for fine tuning of movement, rapid alternating movement
  • maintaining posture and balance
  • damage to one side with cause ipsilateral impairments
25
Q

Pons (metencephalon)

A
  • regulation of respiration rate
  • orientation of the head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli
  • CNV-VII originate from the pons
26
Q

Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)

A
  • regulation of respiration and heart rate
  • relaying somatic sensory information from the internal organs
  • CN IX-XII originate in the medulla.
27
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

- responsible for heart rate and respiration rate.

28
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery ACA

A 
Supplies: frontal and parietal lobes
Impairments:
- contralateral LE motor and sensory involvement
- loss of bowel/bladder
- loss of behavioral inhibition
- mental changes
- neglect
- aphasia
29
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

A

Most common site of a CVA
Supplies: most of outer cerebrum and basal ganglia
Impairments:
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- Homonymous hemianopsia
- Apraxia
- Contralateral weakness and sensory loss of face and UEs with lesser involvement of LEs
- Impaired spatial relations and body schema

30
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)

A

Supplies: midbrain, inferior temporal lobe, occipital lobe
Impairments:
- Contralateral pain and temperature loss
- Contralateral hemiplegia
- Ataxia, athetosis
- Thalamic pain syndrome

31
Q

Vertebral-basilar artery

A 
Supplies: brainstem and cerebellum
Impairments: 
- loss of consciousness
- hemiplegia or tetraplegia
- vegetative state
- inability to speak
- Nystagmus, dysphagia, dysarthria, syncope, ataxia

Neuromuscular NPTE (18 decks)

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