Neuro Rehab Flashcards
Motor Learning: Cognitive Stage
- large amounts of errors
- inconsistent attempts
- repetition of effort allows for improvement strategies
- inconsistent performance
- learning, observing, processing feedback
Motor Learning: Associative Stage
- decreased errors
- decreased need for concentration and cognition
- skill refinement
- increased coordination of movement
Motor Learning: Autonomous Stage
- automatic response
- error-free regardless of environment
- automatic patterns of movement
- distraction does no impact the activity
- can perform more than one task simultaneously
- extrinsic feedback should be limited or not provided
- internal feedback or self-assessment should be dominant
Intrinsic (inherent) feedback
all feedback that comes to the person through sensory systems as a result of movement including visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, and somatosensory inputs
Extrinsic (augmented) feedback
represents the information that can be provided while a task of movement is in progress or subsequent to the movement. (Verbal or manual)
Knowledge of results
terminal feedback regarding the outcome of a movement that has been performed in relation to the movement’s goals
Knowledge of performance
relates to the actual movement pattern that someone used to achieve their goal movement
Massed practice
time in trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials
Distributed practice
the amount of rest time between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of practice time for each trial
Constant practice
practice of a given task under a uniform condition
Variable practice
practice of a given task under differing conditions
Random practice
varying practice amongst different tasks
Blocked practice
consistent practice of a single task
Whole practice
practice of an entire task
Part practice
practice of an individual component or selected components of a task
Closed system model
transfer of information that incorporates multiple feedback loops and larger distribution of control.
- nervous system enables initiation of movement as opposed to “reacting” to stimuli
Compensation
the ability to utilize alternate motor and sensory strategies due to an impairment that limits the normal completion of a task
Habituation
the decrease in response that will occur as a result of consistent exposure to non-painful stimuli
Learning
the process of acquiring knowledge about the world that leads to a relatively permanent change in a person’s capability to perform a skilled action
Motor learning
the acquisition of, or modification of movement
Motor program
a concept of a central motor pattern that can be activated by sensory stimuli or central processes.
Open systems model
a single transfer of information without any feedback loop (reflexive hierarchical theory). The nervous system is seen as awaiting stimuli in order to react
Performance
a temporary change in motor behavior seen during a particular session of practice that is a result of many variables, however only one variable is focusing on the act of learning.
Plasticity
The ability to modify of change at a synapse level either temporarily or permanently in order to perform a particular function
Postural control
the ability of the motor and sensory systems to stabilize position and control movement
Recovery
The ability to utilize previous strategies to return to the same level of functioning
Sensitization
the increase in response that will occur as a result of noxious stimulus
Strategy
A plan used to produce a specific result or outcome that will influence the structure or system
Closed Motor Skill
a skill that is performed under a stable and unchanging environment
Knowledge of results
Providing the patient with external feedback regarding their performance of a task
Open motor skill
a skill that is performed under a consistently changing environment
Transfer of learning
an action cannot be separated from the environment that it is performed in. A patient must be able to transfer the skill or motor task to a different environment.
Facilitation
a technique utilized to elicit voluntary muscular contraction
Inhibition
a technique utilized to decrease excessive tone or movement
Key points of control
specific handling of designated areas of the body (shoulder, pelvis, hand, and foot), will influence and facilitate posture, alignment, and control
Placing
the act of moving an extremity into a position that the patient must hold against gravity
reflex inhibiting posture
designated static positions that inhibit abnormal tonal influences and reflexes
Associated reaction
an involuntary and automatic movement of a body part as a result of an intentional active or resistive movement in another body part
Homolateral synkinesis
a flexion pattern of the involved upper extremity facilitates flexion of the involved lower extremity
Limb synergies
a group of muscles that produce a predictable pattern of movement in flexion or extension patterns
Raimiste’s phenomenon
the involved lower extremity will abduct or adduct with applied resistance to the uninvolved lower extremity in the same direction
Souques’ phenomenon
raising the involved upper extremity above 100 degrees with elbow extension will produce extension and abduction of the fingers
Brunnstrom Stages of Recovery - Stage 1
No volitional movement initiated
Brunnstrom Stages of Recovery - Stage 2
the appearance of basic limb synergies and the beginning of spasticity
Brunnstrom Stages of Recovery - Stage 3
The synergies are performed voluntarily; spasticity increases
Brunnstrom Stages of Recovery - Stage 4
spasticity begins to decrease and movement patterns are not dictated solely by limb synergies
Brunnstrom Stages of Recovery - Stage 5
A further decrease in spasticity is noted with independence from limb synergy patterns
Brunnstrom Stages of Recovery - Stage 6
isolated joint movements are performed with coordination
Brunnstrom Stages of Recovery - Stage 7
normal motor function is restored
Chopping
a combination of bilateral upper extremity asymmetrical patterns performed as a closed chain activity
Developmental sequence
a progression of a motor skill acquisition. The stages of motor control include mobility, stability, controlled mobility and skill
Mass movement patterns
the hip, knee, and ankle move into flexion or extension simultaneously
Overflow
muscle activation of an involved extremity due to intense action of an uninvolved muscle or group of muscles
Levels of motor control: Mobility
the ability to initiate movement through a functional range of motion
Levels of motor control: Stability
the ability to maintain a position or posture through co-contraction and tonic holding around a joint.
Levels of motor control: Controlled Mobility
the ability to move within a weight bearing position or rotate around a long axis. (ex - weight shifting in quadruped)
Levels of motor control: Skill
the ability to consistently perform functional tasks and manipulate the environment with normal postural reflex mechanisms and balance reactions. (ADLs and community locomotion)
