the body response to training Flashcards
what is the cardiorespiratory system responsible for
it is responsible for the distribution of oxygen and fuel to muscle cells, and the removal of carbon dioxide and wastes produced by the working muscles
what are the two response to exercise
immediate short term response
long term adaptions
describe immediate short term response
these last for only the duration of the physical activity and the recovery period
describe long term adaptions
these are adaptations to exercise which take place after months or even years if regular training
what are all the immediate short term responses
increase cardiac output increased heart rate increased stroke volume increased blood pressure increased arteriovenous oxygen difference selective redistribution of blood temperature regulation increased ventilation increased gaseous exchange increased oxygen consumption
describe increased cardiac output
cardiac output or the amount of blood circulated by the heart in one minute.
as physical activity begins the muscles require more fuel and oxygen in order to produce energy for contraction. therefore more blood must be circulated to muscle tissue, more quickly.
how many litres of blood are circulated while exercising
on average the heart pumps appromimatly 5 liters for adults at rest
during maximal exercise it rises to 20 liters for unfit adults
and as high as 35 liters for highly trained athletes
what is the formula for cardiac output
cardiac output= stroke volume x beats per minute
describe heart rate
in order to provide a more rapid supply of blood to the muscles, the rate at which the heart beats increases during exercise
what is a maximum heart rate
it is the hightest attainable rate for a particular individual
how can maximum heart rate be measured
220 - your age
describe stroke volume
stroke volume is the amount of blood the heart pumps out with each beat, increase during activity
this occurs because more venous blood is being returned to the heart from the muscles
what is increased stroke volume accompanied with
by an increase in the strength of the contractiuons of the heart and more blood filling into the heart
describe blood pressure
blood pressure, in particular the systolic pressure, increases in response to physical activity due to the increased cardiac output.
blood travels faster through the circulatory system = greater pressure on artery walls
what is a resting systolic pressure
120mmHg may reach 180mmHg during exercise
what is arteriovenous oxygen difference
it is the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood. It is an indication of how much oxygen is removed from the blood in capillaries as the blood circulates in the body
how do you measure arteriovenous oxygen difference
when the body is at rest the concentration of oxygen in the arteries (arterial oxygen concentration) is approximately 19 ml per 100ml of blood. the concentration of oxygen in the veins (venous oxygen concentration) when the body is at rest is approximately 13ml per 100ml of blood.
therefore, 6ml per 100ml of oxygen is being used by the muscles. This is the arteriovenous oxygen difference
what are all the long term adaptations
cardiorespiratory system
decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume and cardiac output
increased blood volume
increased oxygen extraction
blood pressure approximates ‘normal’
a more respiratory rate
a faster rate of recovery after exercise
greater anaerobic capacity
greater aerobic capacity
musculoskeletal system
muscle hypertrophy
increased flexibility
increased ATP-CP system capacity
improved posture
describe decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume and cardiac output
this is the result of the increased size and strength of the heart muscle as a result of regular aerobic exercise
this means the heart can pump out more blood (cardiac output) with each beat (increased stroke volume) and rest for longer periods between beats (decreased heart rate)
describe blood volume and haemoglobin
this is the result of increased plasma volume and red blood cell count stimulated by exercise.
more oxygen is able to be delivered to the muscles and more carbon dioxide is able to be removed from the muscles
describe blood pressure approximates ‘normal’
training has the effect of decreasing blood pressure- including the systolic and diastolic pressures. it means that the heart doesn’t have to work as hard to pump blood around the body.
describe a more efficient respiratory rate
this is the result of the greater efficiency of the muscles controlling inspiration and expiration, and a slight increase in all respiratory volumes
therefore more oxygen can be breathed in and more carbon dioxide can be breathed out
describe muscle hypertrophy
this is the result of an increase in the number and size of myofibrils per muscle fibre increased amount of myosin and actin, and an increase in the size of muscle fibre
describe increased flexibility
This is the result of the increased resting length of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and therefore increased range of joint movement at specific joints
describe increased ATP-CP system capacity
This is the result of increased muscle stores of a Adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate
