the body response to training

Question 1

what is the cardiorespiratory system responsible for

Answer 1

it is responsible for the distribution of oxygen and fuel to muscle cells, and the removal of carbon dioxide and wastes produced by the working muscles

Question 2

what are the two response to exercise

Answer 2

immediate short term response

long term adaptions

Question 3

describe immediate short term response

Answer 3

these last for only the duration of the physical activity and the recovery period

Question 4

describe long term adaptions

Answer 4

these are adaptations to exercise which take place after months or even years if regular training

Question 5

what are all the immediate short term responses

Answer 5

increase cardiac output 
increased heart rate 
increased stroke volume 
increased blood pressure 
increased arteriovenous oxygen difference 
selective redistribution of blood 
temperature regulation 
increased ventilation 
increased gaseous exchange 
increased oxygen consumption

Question 6

describe increased cardiac output

Answer 6

cardiac output or the amount of blood circulated by the heart in one minute.

as physical activity begins the muscles require more fuel and oxygen in order to produce energy for contraction. therefore more blood must be circulated to muscle tissue, more quickly.

Question 7

how many litres of blood are circulated while exercising

Answer 7

on average the heart pumps appromimatly 5 liters for adults at rest

during maximal exercise it rises to 20 liters for unfit adults

and as high as 35 liters for highly trained athletes

Question 8

what is the formula for cardiac output

Answer 8

cardiac output= stroke volume x beats per minute

Question 9

describe heart rate

Answer 9

in order to provide a more rapid supply of blood to the muscles, the rate at which the heart beats increases during exercise

Question 10

what is a maximum heart rate

Answer 10

it is the hightest attainable rate for a particular individual

Question 11

how can maximum heart rate be measured

Answer 11

220 - your age

Question 12

describe stroke volume

Answer 12

stroke volume is the amount of blood the heart pumps out with each beat, increase during activity

this occurs because more venous blood is being returned to the heart from the muscles

Question 13

what is increased stroke volume accompanied with

Answer 13

by an increase in the strength of the contractiuons of the heart and more blood filling into the heart

Question 14

describe blood pressure

Answer 14

blood pressure, in particular the systolic pressure, increases in response to physical activity due to the increased cardiac output.

blood travels faster through the circulatory system = greater pressure on artery walls

Question 15

what is a resting systolic pressure

Answer 15

120mmHg may reach 180mmHg during exercise

Question 16

what is arteriovenous oxygen difference

Answer 16

it is the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood. It is an indication of how much oxygen is removed from the blood in capillaries as the blood circulates in the body

Question 17

how do you measure arteriovenous oxygen difference

Answer 17

when the body is at rest the concentration of oxygen in the arteries (arterial oxygen concentration) is approximately 19 ml per 100ml of blood. the concentration of oxygen in the veins (venous oxygen concentration) when the body is at rest is approximately 13ml per 100ml of blood.

therefore, 6ml per 100ml of oxygen is being used by the muscles. This is the arteriovenous oxygen difference

Question 18

what are all the long term adaptations

Answer 18

cardiorespiratory system
decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume and cardiac output
increased blood volume
increased oxygen extraction
blood pressure approximates ‘normal’
a more respiratory rate
a faster rate of recovery after exercise
greater anaerobic capacity
greater aerobic capacity

musculoskeletal system 
     muscle hypertrophy 
     increased flexibility 
     increased ATP-CP system capacity 
     improved posture

Question 19

describe decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume and cardiac output

Answer 19

this is the result of the increased size and strength of the heart muscle as a result of regular aerobic exercise

this means the heart can pump out more blood (cardiac output) with each beat (increased stroke volume) and rest for longer periods between beats (decreased heart rate)

Question 20

describe blood volume and haemoglobin

Answer 20

this is the result of increased plasma volume and red blood cell count stimulated by exercise.

more oxygen is able to be delivered to the muscles and more carbon dioxide is able to be removed from the muscles

Question 21

describe blood pressure approximates ‘normal’

Answer 21

training has the effect of decreasing blood pressure- including the systolic and diastolic pressures. it means that the heart doesn’t have to work as hard to pump blood around the body.

Question 22

describe a more efficient respiratory rate

Answer 22

this is the result of the greater efficiency of the muscles controlling inspiration and expiration, and a slight increase in all respiratory volumes

therefore more oxygen can be breathed in and more carbon dioxide can be breathed out

Question 23

describe muscle hypertrophy

Answer 23

this is the result of an increase in the number and size of myofibrils per muscle fibre increased amount of myosin and actin, and an increase in the size of muscle fibre

Question 24

describe increased flexibility

Answer 24

This is the result of the increased resting length of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and therefore increased range of joint movement at specific joints

Question 25

describe increased ATP-CP system capacity

Answer 25

This is the result of increased muscle stores of a Adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate