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PE studies 2022 > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood pressure

A

blood pressure is the amount of force exerted on the walls of the artery’s

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2
Q

what is systolic pressure

A

systolic pressure is the pressure in the artery’s during systole (contraction)

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3
Q

what is diastolic pressure

A

diastolic pressure is the pressure that is measured during diastole (relaxed heart muscles)

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4
Q

what is used to measure blood pressure

A

sphygmomanometer

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5
Q

how is blood pressure measured

A
  1. a cuff is positioned on the upper arm
  2. this is inflated to temporarily close the brachial artery
  3. pressure in the cuff is then slowly released until small amounts of blood can be heard/detected. This is the systolic pressure
  4. more air is progressively released from the cuff until no sound can be heard
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6
Q

what are the three phases of the cardiac cycle

A

diastole- Atria, and ventricles fill with blood directly from the veins and arteries

atrial systole- Atria contract forcing more blood into already full ventricles (creating pressure)

ventricular systole- ventricles contract forcing blood out of the heart

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7
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

it is the right side of heart. It receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and pumps it to the lungs to be oxygenated via pulmonary artery

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8
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

it is the left side of the heart. it receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins and pumps it out to the body through the aorta.

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9
Q

what are the major functions of the skeletal system

A

S- support and posture of the body
A- attachment point for muscles
P- produce blood cells
P- protect vital organs

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10
Q

what are the major functions of the muscular system

A

create movement
maintain posture
maintain bodily functions

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11
Q

what are the major functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs
  2. provide a method of gaseous exchange within the lungs
  3. create speech
  4. facilitate our sense of smell
  5. protection from dust and other microparticles
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12
Q

what are the major functions of the circulatory system

A

To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body.
To protect the body from infection and blood loss.
To help the body maintain a constant body temperature
To help maintain fluid balance within the body.

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13
Q

what is pleura

A

it is a membrane that covers the lungs as well as lining the chest cavity and the top of the diaphragm.
It is smooth and moist to prevent friction as the lungs expand and contract during the breathing process.

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14
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

the diaphragm is an involuntary smooth mucle which forms the base of the chest cavity and contracts and relaxes to control breathing

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15
Q

describe the breathing process

A

during inspiration (breathing in) the disphragm contracts downwards to expand the chest cavity. Also the intercostal muscles between the ribs contract upwards and outwards.
this increases the area of the lungs, thereby decreasing the pressure
air then moves from an area of high pressure to low pressure

during experation (breathing out) the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original dome shaped position. the ribs lower this decreases the space inside, which increases the pressure inside the lungs, forcing air out

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16
Q

describe gaseous exchange

A

oxygen enters the alveoli as air is breathed into the lungs

the venous blood in the capillaries that surround each alveolus is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide

gas will move through diffusion from an area of high concentration to a area of low concentration

oxygen will enter the blood and carbon dioxide will enter the alveoli

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17
Q

what are the different energy systems?

A

ATP-CP system (high intensity- short duration/bursts)

lactic acid system (high to medium intensity)

aerobic system (low intensity-high intensity- endurance)

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18
Q

what are the three different types of muscle

A

skeletal muslce
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

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19
Q

what are skeletal muscles

A

they pull on the bones of the skeleton to create movement

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20
Q

what are smooth muscles

A

they move the internal organs of the body

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21
Q

what are cardiac muscle

A

this is the mucle of the heart itself

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22
Q

what are the different types of bones and explain they structure

A

long bones- are tubular and hollow consisting of a cylindrical shaft with knobbly ends

short bone- are comprised of a spongy type of tissue with a thin hard surface

flat bones- they have a broad, smooth surfaces and their main function is the protection of vital organs

irregular bones- they are of varying shapes, reinforced in areas where additional strength is needed

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23
Q

what are the two main sections of the skeleton

A

axial section- made up of the skull, spine and the thorax, which form the basic central structure to support the remainder of the skeleton

the appendicular skeleton- made up of the bones of the arms, legs and the shoulder and pelvic girdles, which support the limbs and attach them to the body

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24
Q

what are the different planes of the human body

A

sagittal
oblique
frontal
transverse

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25
Q

describe what the sagittal plane is and the different types

A

a sagittal plane runs vertically from top to bottom and it divides the body into a left and right portion

midsagittal plane- if the sagittal plane runs directly down the midline of the body is caught a plane or median plane

parasagittal plane- sagittal planes that are uneven (not down the midline) are called parasagittal planes

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26
Q

describe what the oblique plane is

A

a plane that is any type of angle other than horizontal or vertical angle

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27
Q

describe what the frontal plane is

A

A plane that runs vertically from top to bottom and it divides the body into a front (anterior) side in the back (posterior) side

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28
Q

describe what the transverse plane is

A

This is the only horizontal plane and it divides the body into a top (superior) and a bottom (inferior) portion

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29
Q

what effects the flexibility of a joint

A

muscle mass
structure of the bone
elasicity of tendon and ligament

30
Q

what are the characteristics of fast-twitch muscle fibers

A 
rapid contraction 
ATP-CP energy system 
fatigue more quickly 
high force production
CP and glycogen are the main fuel sources
31
Q

what are the characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibres

A 
relatively slow contraction speed 
mainly aerobic energy pathway 
contract repeatedly for continuous activity 
relatively low force production 
fats are the major fuel source
32
Q

what is the origin of the muscle

A

it is the point at which the muscle joins the stationary bone

33
Q

what is insertion

A

it is the point where the muscles tendon joins the moving bone is called the insertion

34
Q

what is an antagonist pairs

A

for every muscle or muscle group that pulls on a bone their is a matching muscle or muscle group that will pull it in the reverse way.

35
Q

what are prime movers or agonist

A

the muscle that is principally involved in producing a movement is called the prime mover or agonist

36
Q

what are antagonist

A

the muscle with the opposite action to that of the prime mover

37
Q

what are stabilisers

A

they act to hold other joints in place in order to allow controlled movement at a particular joint to occur

38
Q

flexion

A

bending, decreasing the angle between two bones

39
Q

extension

A

straightening, increasing the angle between two bones (the opposite action to flexion)

40
Q

abduction

A

moving the bone away from the centreline of the body in either the horizontal or vertical plane

41
Q

adduction

A

moving the bone towards the centreline of the body in either the horizontal or vertical plane (the opposite action to abduction)

42
Q

circumduction

A

Moving the bone so that the end describes a circle and the bone makes the shape of a cone as it moves around.

43
Q

rotation

A

Moving a bone around its own longitudinal axis

44
Q

supination

A

Moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulnaare parallel (palms up)

45
Q

pronation

A

Moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna crossover each other (palms down)

46
Q

eversion

A

Moving the soul of the foot outwards at the ankle joint

47
Q

inversion

A

Moving the soul of the foot inwards at the ankle joint (the opposite action to eversion)

48
Q

planter flexion

A

Moving the top of the foot away from the tibia by pointing the toes

49
Q

dorsiflexion

A

Moving the top of the foot towards the tibia (the opposite action to planta flexion)

50
Q

elevation

A

Raising the shoulder girdle upwards in relation to the head

51
Q

depression

A

Lowering the shoulder girdle downwards in relation to the head (the opposite action to elevation)

52
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

it is the amount of air in the lungs following a maximum inspiration

53
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the amount of air that is inspired and expired during normal breathing

54
Q

what is vital capacity

A

the greatest volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

55
Q

what is the short term response of the circulatory system during exercise

A
  • increased heart rate
  • stroke volume increases
  • cardiac output
  • blood pressure
  • selective redistribution of blood
  • temperature regulate
  • arteriovenous oxygen difference
56
Q

what happens when a muscle contracts to move a bone

A

Another muscle must contract to return the bone to its original position

57
Q

what is contractibility

A

the ability of a muscle to shorten or thicken against a load.

58
Q

what is elasticity

A

The ability to stretch muscles to reach their full range of movement without restriction

59
Q

what is extensibility

A

the ability of a muscle to extend to a predetermined endpoint

60
Q

what is excitability

A

the ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor neuron or hormone

61
Q

what is flexibility

A

the ability of a joint or series of joints to move through an unrestricted, pain free range of motion

62
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x beats per min

63
Q

how does cardiac muscles contract

A

it contracts rhythmically

64
Q

what must the blood do to complete the systematic circulation cycle

A

The blood must pass through the heart twice

65
Q

why is blood pressure necessary

A

to maintain a constant flow of blood to all body tissues

66
Q

what are the waves in terms of blood pressure

A

The flow of blood pressure that rises in the arteries with each contraction and falls when the heart relaxes and refills

67
Q

what is the high and low of the pressure peaks called

A

Systolic pressure

Diastolic pressure

68
Q

what unit is blood pressure measured in

A

millimetres of mercury

69
Q

how many times a minute does the heart beat

A

60 to 80 times a minute at rest

and at maximum work it can beat more than 200 times per minute and may circulate up to 35 lites of blood

70
Q

what is normal blood pressure

A

140 or less systolic and 90 or less diastolic

71
Q

what is the resting lung volume of the average person

A

about 3 litres

this volume is increased by about half a litre during inspiration

and a forced maximum inspiration can raise the volume to as high as 6 litres

PE studies 2022 (20 decks)

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