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CN 100 > The Blood Vessels > Flashcards

The Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

The five main types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
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2
Q

The wall of a blood vessel consists of three layers, or tunics, of different tissues

A
  • an epithelial inner lining, a middle layer and a connective tissue outer covering.
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3
Q

It carry blood away from the heart to other organs

A

Arteries

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4
Q

three structural layers of a generalized blood vessel from innermost to outermost

A
  • tunica interna, a tunica media (which maintains elasticity and contractility), and a tunica externa.
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5
Q

It forms the inner lining of a blood vessel and is in direct contact with the blood as it flows through the lumen, or interior opening of the vessel.

A
  • tunica interna
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6
Q

innermost layer of tunica interna is called____ , which is continuous with the endocardial lining of the heart.

A
  • endothelium
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7
Q

The second component of the tunica interna is a ______deep to the endothelium. It provides a physical support base for the epithelial layer.

A
  • basement membrane
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8
Q

outermost part of the tunica interna, which forms the boundary between the tunica interna and tunica media, is the?

A
  • internal elastic lamina
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9
Q

is a muscular and connective tissue layer that displays the greatest variation among the different vessel types.

A
  • tunica media
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10
Q

Such a decrease in the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel is called

A
  • vasoconstriction
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11
Q

The resulting increase in lumen diameter is called?

A
  • vasodilation
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12
Q

These small vessels that supply blood to the tissues of the vessel are called

A
  • vasa vasorum
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13
Q

the largest arteries in the body, ranging from the garden hose–sized aorta and pulmonary trunk to the finger-sized branches of the aorta.

A
  • elastic (conducting) arteries
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14
Q

They help propel blood onward while the ventricles are relaxing.

A
  • elastic (conducting) arteries
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15
Q

medium-sized arteries are called

A
  • muscular (distributing) arteries.
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16
Q

capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust the rate of blood flow.

A
  • muscular (distributing) arteries.
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17
Q

The wall of a blood vessel consists of three layers, or tunics, of different tissues

A
  • an epithelial inner lining, a middle layer, and a connective tissue outer covering.
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18
Q

abundant microscopic vessels that regulate the flow of blood into the capillary networks of the body’s tissues

A
  • arterioles
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19
Q

are microscopic blood vessels through which materials are exchanged between blood and tissue cells.

A

Capillaries

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20
Q

the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid.

A

Capillaries

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21
Q

three different types of capillaries

A
  • continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, and sinusoids
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22
Q

have very large intercellular clefts that allow proteins and in some cases even blood cells to pass from a tissue into the bloodstream.

A

Sinusoids

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23
Q

small vessels that continue from capillaries and merge to form veins

A

Venules

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24
Q

significant sites of exchange of nutrients and wastes and white blood cell emigration, and for this reason form part of the microcirculatory exchange unit along with the capillaries

A

Venules

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25
Q

Consist of the same three tunics as arteries but have a thinner tunica interna and a thinner tunica media.

A

Veins

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26
Q

a vein with a thin endothelial wall that has no smooth muscle to alter its diameter.

A
  • vascular (venous) sinus
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27
Q

They function as blood reservoir

A
  • venules and veins
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28
Q

Blood distribution in the cardiovascular system

A
  • Heart 7%, systemic capillaries 7%
  • Pulmonary vessels (9%)
  • Systemic arteries and arterioles (13%)
  • Systemic veins and venules (64%)
29
Q

Substances enter and leave capillaries by three basic mechanisms

A
  • diffusion, transcytosis, and bulk flow.
30
Q

The most important method of capillary exchange

A

Simple diffusion

31
Q

This method of transport is important mainly for large, lipid-insoluble molecules that cannot cross capillary walls in any other way.

A

Transcytosis

32
Q

is a passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction.

A

Bulk flow

33
Q

is more important for solute exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

A

Diffusion

34
Q

more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid.

A

Bulk flow

35
Q

Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluid is called

A
  • filtration
36
Q

Pressure-driven movement from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries is called

A

Reabsorption

37
Q

Two pressures promote filtration

A
  • blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure.
38
Q

The main pressure promoting reabsorption of fluid is

A
  • blood colloid osmotic pressure
39
Q

determines whether the volumes of blood and interstitial fluid remain steady or change.

A
  • net filtration pressure
40
Q

is a force caused by the colloidal suspension of these large proteins in plasma that averages 26 mmHg in most capillaries.

A
  • blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
41
Q

“pull” fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries

A
  • blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
42
Q

“pulls” fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid

A
  • interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)
43
Q

the volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period (in mL/min).

A

Blood flow

44
Q

the highest pressure attained in arteries during systole

A
  • Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
45
Q

is the lowest arterial pressure during diastole

A
  • Diastolic Blood pressure (DBP)
46
Q

the opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels.

A
  • blood resistance
47
Q

Vascular resistance depends on

A
  • (1) size of the blood vessel lumen, (2) blood viscosity, and (3) total blood vessel length.
48
Q

two other mechanisms “pump” blood from the lower body back to the heart

A
  • (1) the skeletal muscle pump and (2) the respiratory pump.
49
Q

The compression pushes blood through the proximal valve, an action called

A

Milking

50
Q

helps regulate heart rate and stroke volume. Also controls neural, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems that regulate blood pressure and blood flow to specific tissues.

A

Cardiovascular

51
Q

Nervous system regulates blood pressure via negative feedback loops that occur as two types of reflexes

A
  • baroreceptor reflexes and chemoreceptor reflexes
52
Q

They send impulses to the cardiovascular center to help regulate blood pressure.

A
  • Baroreceptor reflexes
53
Q

The two most important baroreceptor reflexes are the

A
  • carotid sinus reflex and the aortic reflex.
54
Q

initiate the carotid sinus reflex, which helps regulate blood pressure in the brain.

A
  • Baroreceptor reflexes
55
Q

sensory receptors that monitor the chemical composition of blood

A
  • chemoreceptor reflexes
56
Q

These hormones increase cardiac output by increasing the rate and force of heart contractions.

A
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
57
Q

promotes movement of water from the lumen of kidney tubules into the bloodstream.

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
58
Q

Released by cells in the atria of the heart, lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation and by promoting the loss of salt and water in the urine, which reduces blood volume.

A
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
59
Q

The ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match its metabolic demands

A
  • autoregulation
60
Q

The two basic postnatal (after birth) routes for blood flow are the

A
  • systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation.
61
Q

subdivisions of the systemic circulation

A
  • coronary (cardiac) circulation
  • cerebral circulation
  • hepatic portal circulation
62
Q

exists only in the fetus and contains special structures that allow the developing fetus to exchange materials with its mother

A
  • fetal circulation
63
Q

carries oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes and heat from the tissues

A
  • systemic circulation
64
Q

carries venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen to the liver.

A
  • hepatic portal circulation (HPC)
65
Q

A vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another is called

A
  • portal vein.
66
Q

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the air sacs (alveoli) within the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the air sacs to the left atrium.

A
  • pulmonary circulation
67
Q

The near equilibrium between filtration and reabsorption in capillaries is called

A
  • Starling’s law of the Capillaries.
68
Q

the pressure exerted on the walls of a blood vessel.

A
  • blood pressure

CN 100 (8 decks)

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