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CN 100 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the study of the Muscular System

A

Myology

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2
Q

What are the three different types of muscle tissue/muscles

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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3
Q

It permits the movement of the body, maintains postures and circulates blood throughout the body body

A

Muscular System

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4
Q

What are the five properties of the muscles

A

Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Tonicity

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5
Q

The capacity of muscles to receive and respond to stimulus.

A

Excitability

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6
Q

The capacity of the muscles to shorten and tighten.

A

Contractility

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7
Q

The capacity of the muscles to stretch/extend upon the application of force.

A

Extensibility

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8
Q

The ability of the muscle to regain the original shape and size after being stretched.

A

Elasticity

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9
Q

What are the functions of muscles

A
  • Movement
  • Heat production
  • Posture
  • Alters diameters of tubes and vessels in the body
  • Protect vital organs
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10
Q

Two major types of muscles according to the type of action

A

Voluntary and involuntary

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11
Q

One of the four primary tissue types of the body

A

Muscle

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12
Q

Multinucleated structures that compose the skeletal muscles.

A

Skeletal muscles fibers

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13
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of skeletal muscles

A

Voluntary and striated

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14
Q

These muscle cells are also called cardiocytes/heart muscle

A

Cardiac Muscles

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15
Q

They have one to two nuclei and are physically and electrically connected to each other, so that the entire heart to contract as one unit, called a syncytium.

A

Cardiac muscles

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16
Q

Where are cardiac muscle fibers found?

A

Walls of the heart

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17
Q

What are the typical dimensions of a cardiac muscle fiber?

A

Length: 50–100 µm; Diameter: 10–20 µm.

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18
Q

What are the two main characteristics of cardiac muscles?

A

Striated and involuntary

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19
Q

small, spindle-shaped, and mononucleated, with fewer actin and myosin filaments than skeletal muscles.

A

Smooth muscle fibers

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20
Q

the ability of the muscle to stretch without developing lasting high tension.

A

Plasticity

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21
Q

What are the dimensions of smooth muscle fibers?

A

Length: 30–200 µm; Width: 5–10 µm.

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22
Q

Where are smooth muscles primarily located?

A

In the walls of the small intestines, blood vessels, vagina, and stomach.

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23
Q

What are the two main characteristics of smooth muscles?

A

Non-striated and involuntary

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24
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissue in skeletal muscles called?

A

Mysia, which enclose and provide structure to the muscle while compartmentalizing muscle fibers.

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25
Q

a sheath of dense fibrous connective tissue beneath the skin or around muscle fibers, holding muscle fibers together

A

Fascia

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26
Q

What are the three connective tissue components covering skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium – Connective tissue/fascia surrounding the entire muscle.
Perimysium – Connective tissue extending inward from the epimysium, surrounding muscle fascicles (bundles of fibers).
Endomysium – Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers.

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27
Q

Skeletal muscle attachments

A

Tendon
Aponeuroses
Tendon sheaths

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28
Q

a cord of dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone.

A

Tendon

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29
Q

Tendons that take the form of broad, flat sheets, attaching to the coverings of a bone, another muscle, or the skin.

A

Aponeuroses

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30
Q

tubes of fibrous connective tissue that enclose certain tendons, especially those at the wrist and ankle, allowing tendons to slide back and forth more easily.

A

Tendon sheaths

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31
Q

Attachments of Both Ends of Skeletal Muscles

A

Original and insertion

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32
Q

less movable, generally proximal point of attachment, where the muscle tendon attaches to the stationary bone.

A

Original

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33
Q

more movable, generally distal point of attachment, where the muscle tendon attaches to the movable bone.

A

Insertion

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34
Q

the central, fleshy part of the muscle between the origin and insertion.

A

Belly/ gaster

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35
Q

Skeletal muscle shapes

A

Longitudinal
Pennate
Circular
Convergent
Fusiform

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36
Q

The fasciculi run parallel to the long axis of the muscle, terminating at flat tendons. These muscles are typically quadrilateral in shape.
Example: Stylohyoid muscle, sartorius muscle.

A

longitudinal/parallel

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37
Q

The fasciculi are short, obliquely oriented, and directed toward a tendon that runs nearly the entire length of the muscle, resembling feather plumes.

A

Pennate

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38
Q

The fasciculi are arranged on only one side of the tendon.
Example: Extensor digitorium.

A

unipennate

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39
Q

fascicles are arranged on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon.

A

bipennate

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40
Q

It has a complex arrangement involving the convergence of several tendons.
Example: Deltoid muscle.

A

multipennate

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41
Q

It has a broad origin of fasciculi converging to a narrow insertion, forming a triangular shape.
Example: Pectoralis major.

A

convergent

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42
Q

The fasciculi are arranged in a circular pattern, enclosing an orifice.
Example: Orbicularis oculi muscle.

A

circular

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43
Q

The fasciculi run nearly parallel to the longitudinal axis, tapering toward tendons at both ends, with the belly being wider than the tendons.
Example: Biceps brachii.

A

fusiform

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44
Q

Elongated, cylindrical cells that lie parallel to one another, with a diameter of 10 to 100 μm and lengths of 30 μm or more.

A

Muscle fibers

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45
Q

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber, a thin membrane that surrounds the muscle cells.

A

Sarcolemma

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46
Q

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber, containing enzymes, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myofibrils.

A

Sarcoplasm

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47
Q
  • a network of membrane enclosed tubules comparable to smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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48
Q
  • it is where protein and lipids are manufactured, it also transports products within the muscle fiber
A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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49
Q

Dilated sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that form ring-like channels around myofibrils.

A

Terminal cisternae

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50
Q

Extensions of the sarcolemma that open to the outside of the muscle fiber and interface with the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

Transverse tubules

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51
Q

consists of transvers tubule and the segments of sarcoplasmic reticulum (terminal cisterns) on either side.

A

Triad

52
Q

Cylindrical structures 1 to 2 μm in diameter, made of thin and thick myofilaments.

A

Myofibrils

53
Q

What are thin myofilaments made of?

A

Composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin (which binds with actin, calcium, and tropomyosin).

54
Q

Diameter of thin myofilament

A

6 nm um

55
Q

What are thick myofilaments composed of?

A

Mainly composed of myosin, shaped like a golf club with two bulbous heads

56
Q

contains actin-binding sites and ATP-binding sites.

A

Cross-bridges

57
Q

Structural and functional units of muscles, fundamental unit of muscle contraction.

A

Sarcomeres

58
Q

light colored, less dense area, composed of thin myofilaments only

A

I band

59
Q

represents the length of thick myofilaments

A

A band

60
Q

narrow zones of dense material that separates sarcomeres from one another

A

Z line/ Z disk

61
Q

What are the three regions of the A-band?

A

H-Region
- narrow region in the center of A-Band, contains thick myofilaments only
M-Line
- located in the center of the H-zone
- series of fine threads that appear to
connect the middle parts of adjacent thick myofilaments
Zone of Overlap
- where thick myofilaments at either end of the sarcomere overlap

62
Q

Storehouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

63
Q

sliding of myofilaments and shortening of sarcomeres causes the shortening of the muscle fibers

A

Sliding filament theory

64
Q

states that msucles either contract with all force possible under existing conditions or do not contract at all

A

All or None principle

65
Q

neuron that stimulates muscle contraction deliver stimulus to muscle tissue.

A

Motor neuron

66
Q

refers to the axon terminal of a motor neuron together with the motor end plate

A

Neuromuscular junction

67
Q

The region of the sarcolemma adjacent to the axon terminal

A

Motor end plate

68
Q

expanded bulblike structures of the distal ends of the axon terminals.

A

Synaptic end bulbs

69
Q

membrane enclosed sacs contained in synaptic end bulbs store chemicals called neurotransmitters including acetylcholine.

A

Synaptic vesicles

70
Q

neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscles

A

Acetylcholine

71
Q

invaginate area of the sarcolemma under the axon terminal.

A

Synaptic gutter

72
Q

space between the sarcolemma under the axon terminal.

A

Synaptic cleft

73
Q

numerous folds of the sarcolemma along the synaptic gutter

A

Subneural clefts

74
Q

composed of motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it stimulates.

A

Motor unit

75
Q

What are the contraction cycle

A

ATP hydrolysis.

Attachment of myosin to actin to form cross-bridges.

Power stroke.

Detachment of myosin from actin.

76
Q

What are the two specific changes during contraction

A

Structural change and electrical change

77
Q

Refractory period: the period of lost excitability

A

Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period
Supranormal

78
Q

period when muscle cannot be stimulated

A

Absolute refractory period

79
Q

period when a stronger stimulus cause excitation

A

Relative refractory period

80
Q

a time when the cell is highly excitable that stimulus of minimal threshold can cause excitation

A

Supra-normal

81
Q

Phases of Contraction

A

Lag phase
Contraction phase
Relaxation phase

82
Q

brief period between the application of stimulus to the beginning of contraction

A

Lag phase

83
Q
  • upward tracing
  • caused by cross bridge activity
A

Contraction phase

84
Q
  • indicated by downward tracing
  • caused by the active transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
A

Relaxation phase

85
Q
  • indicated by downward tracing
  • caused by the active transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
A

Relaxation phase

86
Q

Types pf stimuli that muscle receives

A

Liminal (threshold) stimulus
Sub-liminal stimulus
Maximal

87
Q

the stimulus is lesser in intensity that does not reach the patient’s consciousness; cannot initiate contraction

A

Sub-liminal stimulus

88
Q

all motor units are excited with only single stimulus.

A

Maximal

89
Q

TYPES OF HEAT PRODUCTION DURING CONTRACTION

A

Initial heat and recovery heat

90
Q

heat release during actual contraction process and combination of 3 events of the contraction

A

Initial heat

91
Q

What are the 3 events of contraction

A
  1. Heat of activation
    - heat is produced from the breakdown of ATP to ADP and AMP
  2. Heat of shortening
    - heat is deliberated when there is a change in the length of muscle
  3. Heat of relaxation
    - heat is produced when contracted muscle relaxes
92
Q
  • occur after contraction and when recovery is over
  • produced when there is restoration of lost energy in prepartion of the muscle for
    the next contraction
A

Recovery Heat

93
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STRENGTH/HEIGHT OF CONTRACTION

A

Strength of stimulus
Speed of stimulus
Weight of load
Duration
Summation/summatotal

94
Q

composed of phosphocreatine and ATP

A

Phosphagen system

95
Q

short-lived molecule which rapidly degenerates to a more stable ADP, used to provide energy for muscle contraction.

A

Atp

96
Q

a product of CHON metabolism
- maintains adequate amounts of ATP

A

Phosphocreatine

97
Q

Metabolic process by which glycogen or glucose from the blood is broken down to pyruvic acid – the process results in the synthesis of ATP.

A

Glycolysis

98
Q
  • occurs in the absence of oxygen
  • oocurs in the breakdown of glucose to yield ATP and lactic acid
A

Anaerobic process

99
Q
  • requires oxygen and breaks down glucose by glycolysis
  • produces ATP, CO2 and H2O.
A

Aerobic system

100
Q

does not produce movement but increases firmness of muscle that maintains posture

A

Tonic

101
Q

responsible for movements of arms and legs

A

Isotonic

102
Q

length of muscle does not change but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process.

A

Isometric

103
Q
  • contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes an action potential in one or more muscle fibers.
A

Twitch

104
Q

smooth, sustained contraction produced by a series of very rapid stimuli to a muscle

A

Tetanic

105
Q

a rapid stimulation occurs in which tension produced will rise to a peak and a period of relaxation will be very short to brief

A

Incomplete

106
Q

the frequency of stimulation is so high that the relaxation phase has been completely eliminated.

A

Complete

107
Q
  • a staircase effect or phenomenon
A

Treppe

108
Q
  • cardiac arrhythmia in which muscles of the heart function irregularly
  • involuntary brief twitch of a muscle that is not visible under the skin and is not associated with the movement of the affected muscle
A

Fribrillation

109
Q

a violent, involuntary contraction of the entire muscle group

A

Convulsion

110
Q

TYPES OF MUSCLE ACTIONS

A
  1. Agonist
    - prime mover
    - plays the major role in accomplishing a particular movement
  2. Antagonist
    - acts against the prime movers
  3. Synergists
    - muscles that work together to cause a movement
    - enables the prime movers to perise smoothy and efficiently
  4. Fixator
    - muscle which steadies the bone which gives the action of the prime movers so that insertion will move
    - stabilizes the origin of the prime movers
111
Q

an abnormal congenital condition characterized by progressive symmetric wasting of the leg and pelvic muscles

A

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

112
Q

decrease in muscle size as a result of disuse/immobility

A

Muscular atrophy

113
Q

chronic, progressive degenerative disease resulting from the destruction of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction

A

Myasthenia Gravis

114
Q

painful spastic muscle contraction resulting from irritation within the muscle

A

Cramps

115
Q

sudden involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle/ brief period complete tetannus

A

Spasm

116
Q

Convulsion

A

strong involuntary contraction of the entire muscle group

117
Q

shortening of muscle cells or muscle fibers

A

Contracture

118
Q

loss of muscle tone wherein the muscle appears soft and flabby

A

Flaccidity

119
Q

an increase in size of individual muscle cells due to chronic stimulation and use

A

Hypertrophy

120
Q

increase in number of muscle cells

A

Hyperplasia

121
Q

inflammation of muscle tissue

A

Myositis

122
Q

muscle pain

A

Myalgia

123
Q

inflammation of the surrounding connective tissues of the muscle

A

Fibrositis

124
Q

tear or break in the ligaments in tendons

A

Sprain

125
Q

tear or break in the muscles

A

Strain

CN 100 (8 decks)

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