1. Parietal Peritoneum 2. Visceral Peritoneum 3. Mesentery 4. Mesocolon 5. Falciform 6. Lesser Omentum 7. Greater Omentum

Digestive System Flashcards by Charmaine Pascua

The Two General Divisions of Digestive System

Alimentary Canal/ Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)
Accessory Structures or Gland Organs

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a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Alimentary Canal/ Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)

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Teeth-Tounge-Salivary glands- Liver, Gallbladder- Pancreas

Accessory Structures or Gland Organs

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Functions of Digestive System

Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and Propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defacation

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This process involves taking foods and liquids into the mouth (eating).

Ingestion

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This process involves the release of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into lumen of GI tract.

Secretion

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This capability of the GI tract to mix and move material along its length is called motility

Mixing and propulsion

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mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

Digestion

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The entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions, and the products of digestion into the epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI tract

Absorption

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Wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria, cells sloughed from the lining of the GI tract, and digested materials that were not absorbed in their journey through the digestive tract leave the body through the anus in a process called _____

defecation

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The four layers of the tract, from deep to superficial, are the:

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa/adventitia

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-superficial or outermost layer; is a serous membrane composed of areolar connective
tissue and simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

Serosa

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thick layer of areolar connective tissue that binds mucosa to the muscularis layer

Submucosa

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mucous membrane lining the alimentary tract

Mucosa

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The 3 layers of Mucosa

a. Epithelium
b. Lamina Propia
c. Muscularis Mucosae

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functions in secretion and absorption, lines the stomach and intestines.

Simple columnar epithelium-

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secrete hormones to the bloodstream

Endocrine cells (Enteroendocrine cells)

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secrete mucus and fluid into the lumen of the GIT

Exocrine cells

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-contains nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels which are the routes by which nutrients absorbed into the GI tract reach the other tissues of the body.
-contain MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

Lamina Propia

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contains immune system cells that protect the body against infection or diseases

MALT

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Movements of the _____ ensure that all absorptive cells are fully exposed to the contents of the GI tract.

muscularis mucosae

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The largest serous membrane of the body; it lines the wall of the abdominal cavity and covers some abdominal organs.

peritoneum

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Types of Peritoneum

Parietal Peritoneum
Visceral Peritoneum
Mesentery
Mesocolon
Falciform
Lesser Omentum
Greater Omentum

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lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cvity

Parietal Peritoneum

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lines the organ in the abdominal cavity

Visceral Peritoneum

space between the parietal & visceral peritoneum

PERITONEAL CAVITY

contains blood and lymphatic vesssels and nerves supplying the abdominal organs

Mesentery

-binds the LI to the posterior abdominal wall -carries blood vessels and lymphatic vessels to the intestines

Mesocolon

-attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wal

Falciform

- It is the pathway for blood vessels entering the liver and contains the hepatic portal vein, common hepatic artery, and common bile duct, along with some lymph nodes.

Lesser omentum

-largest peritoneal fold

Greater momentum

contains a considerable amount of adipose tissue. Its adipose tissue content can greatly expand with weight gain, contributing to the characteristic “beer belly” seen in some overweight individuals.

Greater momentum

the largest serous membrane of the body; it lines the wall of the abdominal cavity and covers some abdominal organs.

peritoneum

are accessory digestive organs located in sockets of the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae.

Teeth/Dentes

The 3 principal Parts of the Tooth: 1. _____- is the visible portion above the level of the gums. 2. _____- is the constricted junction of the crown and root near the gum line. 3. _____– Embedded in the socket are one to three roots.

1. Crown 2. Neck 3. Root

-a calcified connective tissue that gives a tooth its shape and rigidity; encloses the pulp cavity *it is harder than the bone because of its higher content of Ca salts *70% of its dry weight consists of Ca salts

Dentin

The Physiology of Digestion in Mouth 1. _____-results from chewing (Mastication) thru the coordinated functions of the tongue and teeth -ingested foods is reduced to soft, flexible mass called BOLUS 2. _____ -it is facilitated by the action of 2 enzymes: a. _____- breaks down starch b. _____- starts the breakdown of triglycerides into f.a. and monoglycerides

1. Mechanical Digestion 2. Chemical Digestion a. Salivary amylase b. Lingual Lipase

the common passageway of food, air and fluid

Pharynx

3 Divisions of Pharynx

1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx functions only in respiration, but both the oropharynx and laryngopharynx have digestive as well as respiratory functions.

The involuntary and coordinated contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal muscles of the esophagus

peristalsis

secreted by the esophageal glands lubricates the bolus and reduces friction

mucus

made up of circular muscles that regulates the movement of food into and out of the esophagus

Esophageal Spinchters

1._____- relaxation of this spinchter allows the movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus 2._____ - regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach.

1. Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES) 2. Lower Esophageal (cardiac/gastroesophageal) Sphincter (LES)

The movement of food from the mouth to the stomach. Facilitated by the secretion of saliva and mucus and involves the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.

Deglutition

The 3 Stages of Deglutition

1. Voluntary 2. Pharyngeal 3. Esophageal

stage where bolus is forced backward into the oropharyx thru the movement of the tongue

Voluntary stage

involuntary passage of the bolus from the oropharynx into the laryngopharynx

Pharyngeal Stage

involuntary passage of bolus from the laryngopharynx to esophagus into the stomach

Esophageal Stage

serves as a mixing vat & holding reservoir with a capacity of 1.5'

Stomach

The Regions/Areas of the Stomach

1. Cardia 2. Fundus 3. Body 4. Pylorus

large folds of mucosa & submucosa (when the stomach is empty, the mucosa forms large folds called _____)

Rugae

Curves of the Stomach 1. _____- right border; medial concave 2._____- left border; lateral convex

1. Lesser curvature 2. Greater Curvature

The Functions of the Stomach

1. Mixing of food 2. Reservoir of food 3. Churning of food 4. Secretion of gastric juice and hormones 5. Absorption of water, ions & certain molecules of substances or drugs like aspirin & alcohol

Regulation of Gastric Secretion & Motility

1. Cephalic Phase 2. Gastric phase 3. Intestinal phase

phase where digestion activities are initiated by impulses from the brain specifically the cerebral cortex & feeding center in the hypothalamus

Cephalic Phase

phase that occurs as the stimulation of gastric contraction & secretion continues; governed by the Neural & hormonl mechanisms

Gastric Phase

2 mechanisms of gastric phase

Naural mechanism Hormonal mechanism

phase that starts with the activation of the receptors in the small intestines

Intestinal Phase

the longest portion of the GIT about 5m long & 2.5 cm dm

Small intestines

Regions of Small Intestines

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

the shortest region in the small intestines, and is retroperitoneal. It receives secretions from liver (bile) & pancreas (pancreatic juice)

Duodenum

_____means “empty,” which is how it is found at death.

Jejunum

the final and longest region of the small intestine

Ileum-

Ileum measures about 2 m (6 ft) and joins the large intestine at a smooth muscle sphincter called the _____

ileocecal sphincter (valve)

4 types of Epithelium cells 1. _____ - digest and absorb nutrients; release enzymes that digest food and contain microvilli that absorb nutrients in small intestinal chyme *microvilli: increase the surface area for absorption 2. _____ - secrete mucus 3. _____ - secrete of lysozyme: a bacterial enzyme 4. _____ -secretes 3 hormones

Absorptive cells Goblet cells Paneth cells Enteroendocrine cells

WHAT ARE THE 3 HORMONES SECRETED BY ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS

a. Secretin- by the S cells- secretes pancreatic juice b. Cholecystokinin (CCK)- by the CCK cells c. GIP (Gastric inhibitory peptides)-K cells

3 LAYERS OF MUCOSA

1. Epithelium- made up of 4 types of cells 2. Lamina Propia- has the greatest MALT c. Muscularis Mucosae- made up of smooth muscles

Wall of small intestines that contains Brunner’s glands: secrete alkaline mucus that neutralizes the acidic chime

Submucosa

Wall of small intestines that's made up of 2 layers of smooth muscles 1. Outer layer: longitudinal: thinner: OLTn 2. Inner layer: circular, thicker: ICTk

Muscular

a hormone that stimulates the production of intestinal juice

VIP or Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide

the terminal portion of the GI tract

Large intestine

Functions of the Large Intestine 1. Where the completion of absorption of water, some ions and vitamins 2. Produce certain vitamins *bacteria in the LI produce some vitamins & Vit K 3. form feces 4. expel waste products

a gland that releases a secretion called saliva into the oral cavity.

salivary glands

Types of Major Salivary Glandsa.

a. parotid glands - largest b. submandibular glands - found in the floor of the mouth c. sublingual glands - beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands

Composition of Saliva - 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes

the secretion of saliva

Salivation

The human body produces an average of _____ of saliva daily.

1000 to 1500 mL

an accessory digestive organ composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane

tongue

Extrinsic Muscles: These muscles originate outside the tongue and attach to it. They include: Hyoglossus: Helps depress the tongue. Genioglossus: Protrudes the tongue. Styloglossus: Elevates and retracts the tongue.

Intrinsic Muscles: These muscles are located entirely within the tongue and change its shape and size. They include: 1. Longitudinalis superior 2. Longitudinalis inferior 3. Transversus linguae 4. Verticalis linguae

FUNCTIONS OF THE PANCREAS Exocrine Function 1. _____: Breaks down carbohydrates (starches) into sugars. 2. _____: Digests fats. 3. _____ : Break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.

1. Amylase 2. Lipase 3. Proteases (like trypsin and chymotrypsin)

FUNCTIONS OF THE PANCREAS Endocrine Function 1. _____: Lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake by cells. 2. _____: Raises blood sugar levels by promoting glucose release from liver stores. 3. _____: Regulates other hormones and slows down digestion.

1. Insulin 2. Glucagon 3. Somatostatin

- As an exocrine gland, it produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate that help break down food in the small intestine. - As an endocrine gland, it regulates blood sugar levels through hormone secretion.

responsible for the alkalinity of the pancreatic juice (pH: 7.1-8.2)

sodium bicarbonate

responsible for the completion of digestion of food nutrients in the SI

enzymes

Pancreatic juices are secreted by _____ into small ducts that ultimately unite to form two larger ducts, the pancreatic duct and the accessory duct.

exocrine cells

the heaviest gland of the body, weighing about 1.4 kg (about 3 lb) in an average adult.

Liver

the largest organ inside the body

Liver

the functional unit of the liver

Lobule

the major functional cells of the liver and perform a wide array of metabolic, secretory, and endocrine functions

Hepatocytes

-The liver receives blood from two sources: 1._____- it obtains oxygenated blood 2. _____ it receives deoxygenated blood containing newly absorbed nutrients, drugs, and possibly microbes and toxins from the gastrointestinal tract

1. hepatic artery 2. hepatic portal vein