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CN 100 > Lymphatic > Flashcards

Lymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

Three primary functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. draining excess interstitial fluid and returning lost plasma proteins to the bloodstream
  2. transporting dietary lipids
  3. carrying out immune responses.
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2
Q

Lipid and lipid-soluble vitamins

A

(A, D, E, and K)

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3
Q

two primary, highly specific responses:

A
  1. cell-mediated
  2. antibody-mediated immune responses.
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4
Q

These immune responses are carried out by the T cells and B cells (agranulocytes produced by the lymphatic organs and tissues) with macrophages’ help.

A

Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses.

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5
Q

lymphatic system’s main structures or components

A

lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic organs and tissues

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6
Q

is referred to as the clear, pale-yellow fluid present in lymphatic tissues and transported by lymphatic vessels.

A

Lymph

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7
Q

Three types of lymphatic vessels

A
  1. lymphatic capillaries/ larger lymphatic vessels
  2. lymph trunks
  3. lymphatic ducts
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8
Q

tiny vessels found in the interstitial spaces (between cells) slightly larger in diameter than blood capillaries.

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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9
Q

form as lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes in a particular region of the body.

A

Lymphatic trunks

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10
Q

Five main trunks

A

lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular.

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11
Q

Types of lymph trunks

A
  1. Lumber trunk
  2. Intestinal trunk
  3. Bronchomedistinal trunk
  4. Jugular trunk
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12
Q

The lymph from the lymphatic trunks drains into two main channeis collectively known as

A

Lymphatic ducts

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13
Q

Two lymphatic ducts

A

thoracic (left lymphatic) duct and right lymphatic duct

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14
Q

receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, the left upper limb, and the entire body inferior to the ribs.

A

Thoracic lymphatic duct

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15
Q

It collects lymph from the upper right side of the body.

A

Right lymphatic duct

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16
Q

the thoracic duct drains lymph into venous blood at the junction of the _____ and _____

A

left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

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17
Q

Formation and Circulation of Lymph

A

Blood Plasma → Interstitial Fluid: Blood plasma filters through capillary walls, forming interstitial fluid.
⬇
Excess Fluid (3L/day): Excess interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries, becoming lymph.
⬇
Lymphatic Capillaries → Lymphatic Vessels: Lymph flows from capillaries to vessels, passing through lymph nodes.
⬇
Lymph Nodes: Lymph is filtered as it circulates through nodes.
⬇
Lymphatic Trunks → Lymphatic Ducts: Lymph exits nodes via vessels, enters trunks, and drains into ducts.
⬇
Venous Blood: Lymph drains into venous blood at the internal jugular and subclavian vein junctions.

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18
Q

Two pump aid in lymph flow

A

Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump

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19
Q

lymphatic organs and tissues are categorized into two:

A

primary and secondary.

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20
Q

_____ serve as the sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent, capable of mounting an immune response.

A

primary lymphatic organs

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21
Q

In the red bone marrow (RBM) (in flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones of adults), _____ give rise to mature, immunocompetent B cells and pre-T cells, which migrate to and become immunocompetent T cells in the thymus.

A

pluripotent stem cells

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22
Q

thymus gland’s _____ comprises large numbers of T cells and dispersed dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages.

A

Outer cortex

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23
Q

thymus gland’s _____is consists of widely distributed, more mature T cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and macrophage

A

inner medulla

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24
Q

s serve as the site for most immune responses.

A

secondary lymphatic organs and tissue

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25
Q

Lymph nodes’ parenchyma is divided into:

A

Superficial cortex and deep medulla

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26
Q

______ forms in response to an antigenic challenge and are sites of plasma cell and memory B cell formation.

A

Secondary lymphatic nodule

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27
Q

Serves as a type of filter

A

Lymph node

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28
Q

splenic parenchyma has two kinds of tissue:

A

white pulp and red pulp

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29
Q

_____ contains mostly lymphocytes and macrophages arranged around branches of the splenic artery called central arteries.

A

spleen’s white pulp

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30
Q

_____ carry out immune functions in the white pulp, similar to lymph nodes

A

B cells and T cells

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31
Q

_____ destroy blood-borne pathogens by phagocytosis.

A

spleen macrophages

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32
Q

_____ consists of blood-filled venous sinuses and cords of splenic tissue called splenic (Billroth’s) cords.

A

spleen’s red pulp

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33
Q

_____ in the blood and interstitial fluids prevent microbial growth.

A

Antimicrobial substances

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34
Q

The antimicrobial substances include:

A
  1. Interferons
  2. complements
  3. Iron-binding proteins
  4. antimicrobial proteins
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35
Q

destroy infected target cells by releasing granules that contain perforin and granzymes that initiate cellular destruction by freeing the
microorganisms.

A

Natural killer cells

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36
Q

ingest foreign particulate matter (phagocytosis).

A

Phagocyte

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37
Q

Two major types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophil and macrophages

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38
Q

The ingestion of foreign matter by phagocytes (phagocytosis) involves five phases

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Ingestion
  4. Digestion
  5. Killing
39
Q

confines and destroys microbes and initiates tissue repair.

A

Inflammation

40
Q

is a non-specific defensive response of the body to tissue damage.

A

Inflammation

41
Q

inflammation include:

A

redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

42
Q

Some substances contribute to vasodilation, increased permeability, and other aspects of the inflammatory response. These substances include:

A
  1. histamine
  2. kinins
  3. prostaglandins
  4. leukotrienes
  5. complement.
43
Q

______ is released by mast cells in connective tissue and basophils and platelets in the blood. It produces vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

A

Histamine

44
Q

_____ are polypeptides formed in blood from inactive precursors .

A

Kinins

45
Q

_____, which are lipids, especially of the E series, are released by damaged cells.

A

Prostaglandins (PGs)

46
Q

Basophils and mast cells produce ____

A

leukotrienes

47
Q

_____ whose components stimulate histamine release, attract neutrophils by chemotaxis, and promote phagocytosis

A

Complement system

48
Q

The last second of defense is

A

Fever

49
Q

the body’s ability to defend itself against specific
invading agents such as bacteria, toxins, viruses, and foreign tissues.

A

Specific resistance or immunity

50
Q

recognized as foreign substances and provoke immune responses (production of antibodies).

A

Antigen

51
Q

two essential characteristics of antigens:

A

immunogenicity and reactivity

52
Q

refers to antigens’ ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation of specific T cells, or both.

A

Immunogenicity

53
Q

the antigen’s ability to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it provoked

A

Reactivity

54
Q

The self-antigens located in the plasma membranes of body cells are called_____

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens.

55
Q

two types of MHC antigens:

A
  1. Class I MHC (MHC- I) molecules are built into all body cells’ plasma membranes except RBC. In contrast
  2. Class II MHC (MHC-II) molecules appear on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (a special class of
    cells: dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells)
56
Q

two pathways of antigen processing

A
  1. processing of exogenous antigens
  2. processing of endogenous antigens
57
Q

small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions

A

Cytokines

58
Q

_____ particularly effective against intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, or fungi inside cells), some cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants. The T cells are primarily involved in this type of immunity.

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

59
Q

works mainly against antigens present in body fluids and extracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and fungi outside the cells). This type of immunity primarily involves B cells.

A

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

60
Q

Antibodies have four regions

A

Hinge, Stem, Variable, and Constant

61
Q

There are five classes of antibodies. These include immunoglobulins _ _ _ _ _

A

G, A, M, D, E

62
Q

three pathways by which complement activation occurs.

A
  1. Classical pathway
  2. Alternative pathway
  3. Lectin pathway
63
Q

T cells’ ability to recognize their own major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.

A

Self- recognition

64
Q

refers to the T cells’ lack of reactivity to peptide fragments from its own proteins.

A

Self tolerance

65
Q

The _____ are situated in the ileum of the small intestines.

A

Peyer’s patches

66
Q

_____ destroy infected target cells by releasing granules that contain pertorin and granzymes that initiate cellular destruction by freeing the microorganisms.

A

Natural killer (NK)cells

67
Q

_____ causes microbes’ cytolysis (bursting), promote phagocytosis, and contribute to inflammation.

A

complement system

68
Q

suppress the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron.

A

Iron binding proteins

69
Q

These substances intensify the effects of histamine and kinins. _____ may also stimulate the emigration of phagocytes through capillary walls.

A

Prostaglandin

70
Q

causes microbes’ cytolysis (bursting), promote phagocytosis, and contribute to inflammation.

A

Complement system

71
Q

suppress the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron.

A

Iron binding proteins

72
Q

destroy infected target cells by releasing granules that contain perforin and granzymes that initiate cellular destruction by freeing the microorganisms.

A

Natural killer

73
Q

penetrate the node’s convex surface at some points and contain valves that open toward the node’s center, directing the lymph inward.

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

74
Q

They contain valves that open away from the lymph node’s center to convey lymph, antibodies secreted by plasma cells, and activated T cells out of the node.

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

75
Q

refers to the chemically stimulated movement of the phagocytes to the site of damage.

A

Chemotaxis

76
Q

attachment of the phagocyte to the microbe or other foreign material.

A

Adherence

77
Q

occurs when the plasma membrane of the phagocyte extend projections (pseudopods) that engulf the microbe.

A

Ingestion

78
Q

ensues when the phagosome enters the cytoplasm and unites with a lysosome to form a single, larger structure (phagolysosome).

A

Digestion

79
Q

_____ many microbes results from lysozyme’s chemical attack, digestive enzymes, and oxidants within a phagolysosome.

A

Killing

80
Q

Inflammation involves three primary stages:

A

(a) vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
(b) emigration (movement) of phagocytes from the blood into the interstitial fluid
(c) tissue repair

81
Q

produces vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

A

Histamine

82
Q

A large antigen has small parts that can trigger the immune response.

A

epitopes (antigenic determinants)

83
Q

The processing of exogenous antigens by APCS
Involves ____ steps:

A

7 steps
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Synthesis
4. Packaging
5. Fusion
6. Binding
7. Insertion

84
Q

The processing of endogenous antigens (Figure 4) involves ____ steps:

A

5 steps
1.digestion
2. Synthesis
3. Binding
4. Packaging
5. Insertion

85
Q

Three main types of cells

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Memory T cells

86
Q

Function in eliminating invaders

A

Cytotoxic T cells

87
Q

one of the immune responses carried out by cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells.

A

immunological surveillance

88
Q

the most abundant. It protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing neutralizing toxins, and triggering the complement system.

A

IgG

89
Q

found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and GIT secretions. It provides localized protection on mucous membranes against bacteria and viruses.

A

IgA

90
Q

constitutes about 5-10% of all antibodies in the blood, also found in the lymph. It activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes.

A

IgM

91
Q

mainly found on B cells’ surfaces as antigen receptors, where it occurs as monomers. It is involved in the activation of B cells.

A

IgD

92
Q

comprises less than 0.1% of all antibodies in the blood and occurs as monomers. It is involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions and protects the body against parasitic worms.

A

IgE

93
Q

This ability is due to the presence of long-lasting antibodies and very long-lived lymphocytes that arise during proliferation and differentiation of antigen-stimulated B cells and T cells.

A

immunological memory.

CN 100 (8 decks)

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