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CN 100 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

It is about____ long, ____ wide at its
broadest point, and ______ thick, with an average mass of 250 g (8 oz) in adult
females and 300 g (10 oz) in adult males.

A

12 cm (5 in.) long, 9 cm (3.5 in.) wide, 6 cm (2.5 in.)

250 g (8 oz) in adult females
300 g (10 oz) in adult males.

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2
Q

The heart lies in the_____

A

mediastinum

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3
Q

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

A

Pericardium

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4
Q

The pericardium consists of two main parts

A

(1) the fibrous pericardium and (2) the serous pericardium

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5
Q

composed of tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue. It prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum.

A

superficial fibrous pericardium

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6
Q

The inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium, which is also called the_____; is one of the layers of the heart wall and adheres tightly to the surface of the heart.

A

epicardium

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7
Q

This slippery secretion of the pericardial cells, known as ______, reduces friction between the layers of the serous pericardium as the heart moves.

A

pericardial fluid

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8
Q

The space that contains the few milliliters of pericardial fluid is called the _____

A

pericardial cavity

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9
Q

Layers of the Heart Wall

A

The epicardium (external layer), the myocardium (middle layer), and the endocardium (inner layer).

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10
Q

This thin, transparent outer layer of the heart wall is composed of mesothelium.

A

Epicardium

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11
Q

responsible for the pumping action of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue.

A

Myocardium

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12
Q

It makes up approximately 95% of the heart wall.

A

Myocardium

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13
Q

It provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart

A

Endocardium

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14
Q

The two superior receiving chambers are the____, and the two inferior pumping chambers are the_____.

A

atria, ventricles

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15
Q

forms the right surface of the heart and receives blood from three veins: the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

A

Right atrium

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16
Q

The right ventricle is about _____

A

4–5 mm (0.16–0.2 in.)

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17
Q

contains a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers called trabeculae carneae

A

Right ventricle

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18
Q

about the same thickness as the right atrium and forms most of the base of the heart.

A

Left atrium

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19
Q

It receives blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins

A

Left atrium

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20
Q

refers to the resemblance of the bicuspid valve to a bishop’s miter (hat), which is two-sided

A

Mitral

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21
Q

the thickest chamber of the heart, averaging 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in.), and forms the apex of the heart.

A

Left ventricle

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22
Q

the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are termed?

A

atrioventricular valves (AV)

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23
Q

In postnatal (after birth) circulation, the heart pumps blood into two closed circuits with each beat

A

systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation

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24
Q

it receives bright red oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood from the lungs.

A

Systemic circulation

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25
Q

it receives all of the dark-red deoxygenated blood returning from the systemic circulation.

A

Pulmonary circulation

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26
Q

Two coronary arteries

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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27
Q

branch from the ascending aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium

A

Coronary arteries

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28
Q

the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of both ventricles

A

Left anterior descending (LAD)

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29
Q

contains many anastomoses that connect branches of a given coronary artery or extend between branches of different coronary arteries. They provide detours for arterial blood if a main route becomes obstructed.

A

Myocardium

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30
Q

The conducting system of the heart

A

Sino-Atrial Node (SA Node)
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
Bundle of his
Purkinjie fibers

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31
Q

responsible in initiating the impulses for rhythmic heart beat (Pacemaker); elicits electrical impulses approximately 72x per minute to cause atrial contraction.

A

Sino-atrial node

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32
Q

generates impulses when SA Node fails to function; generates 40-50 impulses per minute.

A

Atrioventricular node

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33
Q

relay impulses from AV Node to the ventricles

A

Bundle of his

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34
Q

enable electrical impulses to spread rapidly over all parts of the ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

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35
Q

Cardiac excitation normally begins in the _____

A

Sino-atrial node

36
Q

The spontaneous depolarization is a____

A

pacemaker potential

37
Q

This bundle is the only site where action potentials can conduct from the atria to the ventricles.

A

Bundle of his

38
Q

Electrophysiologic Properties of the Heart

A

Automaticity
Excitability
Conductivity
Refractories
Rhythmicity

39
Q

The ability of myocardial cells to initiate an impulse (action potential) spontaneously and repeatedly without neurohormonal control

A

Automaticity

40
Q

The ability of myocardial cells to depolarize in response to stimulus or respond to electrical impulses

A

Excitability

41
Q

The ability of myocardial cells to propagate an electrical impulse from its origin throughout the heart rapidly and in a coordinated fashion.

A

Conductivity

42
Q

The inability of the heart to respond to a stimulus while still in a state of contraction or early recovery from a previous stimulus, thus help preserve heart rhythm

A

Refractoriness

43
Q

The heart muscle will not respond to any stimulus (first part of the repolarization, during depolarization).

A

Absolute refractory period

44
Q

The heart muscle slowly regains irritability (final stage of repolarization)

A

Relative refractory period

45
Q

Rhythm in both the formation and conduction of impulses from the atria to the ventricles

A

Rhythmicity

46
Q

Mechanical Properties of the Heart

A

Contractility and extensibility

47
Q

The ability of the myocardial fibers to shorten in response to depolarization and diffusion of calcium into myocardial cells when it combines with troponin to activate contractile elements.

A

Contractility

48
Q

The ability of the heart to stretch as the heart fills with blood between contractions.

A

Extensibility

49
Q

What law is this “The greater the stretch of the cardiac muscle, the more forceful is the contractions and beat. However, when the muscle is overstretched, the force of contraction may decrease below normal causing circulatory failure.”

A

Starling’s Law of the Heart

50
Q

refers to the succession of events that occurs with each heartbeat.

A

Cardiac cycle

51
Q

Atrial systole- 0.1 sec Ventricular systole- 0.3 sec Atrial diastole- 0.7 sec Ventricular diastole- 0.5 sec

A
52
Q

During_____ , deoxygenated blood passes through the open tricuspid valve from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and the oxygenated blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve.

A

atrial systole

53
Q

deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body enters the right atrium and oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium.

A

Atrial diastole

54
Q

Ventricular filling

A

a. Period of rapid ventricular filling
b. Diastasis
c. Period of slow ventricular filling.

55
Q

refers to the period of time, about 0.05 sec., between the closing of the semilunar valves and the opening of the AV valves.

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

56
Q

can be described as a lubb sound, is louder and a bit longer than the second sound

A

First sound

57
Q

which is shorter and not as loud as the first, can be described as a dupp sound

A

Second sound

58
Q

the interval of time between the start of ventricular systole and the opening of the semilunar valves.

A

Isovolumetric contraction phase

59
Q

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle (or the right ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.

A

Cardiac output

60
Q

Three factors regulate stroke volume and ensure that the left and right ventricles pump equal volumes of blood

A

(1) preload, the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts
(2) contractility, the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers
(3) afterload, the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur.

61
Q

stroke volume averages_____, and heart rate is about ____.

A

70 mL/beat, 75 beats/min

62
Q

These hormones affect cardiac muscle fibers in much the same way as does norepinephrine released by cardiac accelerator nerves—they increase both heart rate and contractility.

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

63
Q

Hormones that enhance cardiac contractility and increase heart rate.

A

Thyroid hormones

64
Q

The two superior receiving chambers are the?

A

Atria

65
Q

The two inferior pumping chambers are

A

Ventricles

66
Q

encircles most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles.

A

Deep coronary sulcus

67
Q

A shallow groove on the anterior surface of the heart marks the external boundary between the right and left ventricles on the anterior aspect of the heart.

A

Interventricular sulcus

68
Q

Between the right atrium and left atrium is a thin partition called

A

Interatrial septum

69
Q

Blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through a valve that is called

A

Tricuspid valve

70
Q

Internally, the right ventricle is separated from the left ventricle by a partition called the ____

A

Interventricular septum

71
Q

The _____ is the thickest chamber of the heart, averaging 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in.), and forms the apex of the heart.

A

Left ventricle

72
Q

They provide detours for arterial blood if a main route becomes obstructed.

A

Myocardium

73
Q

What are the conducting system of the heart

A

Sino-Atrial Node
Atriocentricular Node
Atrioventricular Bundle
Purkinje fibers

74
Q

responsible in initiating the impulses for rhythmic heart beat (Pacemaker)

A

Sino-Atrial Node

75
Q

generates impulses when SA Node fails to function; generates 40-50 impulses per minute.

A

Atrioventricular node

76
Q

Tract of conducting fibers from AV Node that runs to the top of the interventricular septum; relay impulses from AV Node to the ventricles;

A

Atrioventricular Bundle

77
Q

Emerge from bundle branches and pass into the fibers of the myocardium of the ventricles; enable electrical impulses to spread rapidly over all parts of the ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

78
Q

This bundle is the only site where action potentials can conduct from the atria to the ventricles.

A

Atrioventricular Bundle

79
Q

During _____ deoxygenated blood passes through the open tricuspid valve from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and the oxygenated blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve

A

Atrial systole

80
Q

During _____, deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body enters the right atrium and oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium

A

Atrial Diastole

81
Q

It refers to the succession of events that occurs with each heartbeat.

A

Cardiac cycle

82
Q

It is the interval of time between the start of ventricular systole and the opening of the semilunar valves

A

Isovolumetric contraction phase

83
Q

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle (or the right ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.

A

Cardiac output

84
Q

1)_____ , the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts;
(2)_____ , the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers; and
(3)_____, the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occu

A

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

85
Q

is the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during each systole

A

Stroke volume

CN 100 (8 decks)

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