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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The second controlling system of the body

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

The Endocrine System uses _____ that
are released into the blood.

A

chemical messengers (hormones)

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3
Q

With respect to their chemical structure, hormones may be classified into three
groups:

A

Amines
Proteins
Steroids

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4
Q

these simple hormones are structural variations of the amino acid tyrosine.
This group includes thyroxine from the thyroid gland, epinephrine and
norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla.

A

Amines

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5
Q

These hormones are chains of amino acids. Insulin from the pancreas,
growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland, and calcitonin from the thyroid gland are all proteins. Short chains of amino acids may be called peptides. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, synthesized by the hypothalamus, are peptide hormones.

A

Proteins

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6
Q

Protein
_____ Made by the pancreas, it helps regulate blood sugar levels.

A

Insulin

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7
Q

Protein
_____ produced by the pituitary gland, it promotes growth development.

A

Growth hormone

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8
Q

Protein
_____ also from the thyroid gland, it helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

A

Calcitonin

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9
Q

Peptide hormones that are synthesized by the Hypothalamus

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (released by the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a vital role in regulating the body’s water balance and blood pressure).
  2. Oxytocin (released by the posterior pituitary gland. Often referred to as the “love hormone”)
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10
Q

_____the precursor for the steroid hormones,

A

cholesterol

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11
Q

cholesterol is the precursor for the steroid hormones, which include _____
and _____ from the adrenal cortex, _____ and ______ from the ovaries, and _____ from the testes.

A

Cortisol and aldosterone - Adrenal cortex

Estrogen and Progesterone - Ovaries

Testosterone - Testes

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12
Q

A condition characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the bloodstream.

A

Hyperglycemia

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13
Q

The effects of the hormone reverse the stimulus and decrease the secretion of the hormone.

A

mechanism called “negative”:

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14
Q

two mechanisms in which hormones act

A

direct gene activation and second-messenger system

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15
Q

Arrangement of the process of direct gene activation

A

A. Hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells.
B. Hormones enter the nucleus.
C. Hormones bind to a specific protein within the nucleus.
D. Hormone-receptor complex bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA.
E. Activate genes that result in the synthesis of new proteins

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16
Q

Arrangement the process of second
messenger system

A

A. Hormone binds to a membrane receptor.
B. Hormone does not enter the cell
C. Hormone sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme.
D. Enzyme catalyzes reactions that produces a second messenger molecule
E. Second-messenger molecule oversees additional intracellular changes to
promote a specific response

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17
Q

often times called the “master endocrine gland” since it regulates many bodily functions

A

Pituitary Gland

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18
Q

It is about the size of a pea, which hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain.

A

Pituitary Gland

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19
Q

These releasing hormones
are secreted into capillaries in the hypothalamus and pass through the hypophyseal portal veins to another capillary network in the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

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20
Q

also called somatotropin, and it does indeed promote growth.

A

Growth Hormone

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21
Q

The secretion of GH is regulated by two releasing hormones from the
hypothalamus.

A
  1. Growth hormone “Somatotropin” releasing hormone (GHRH) - increases the secretion of GH, is produced during hypoglycemia and during exercise.
  2. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) “Somastatin”- it decreases the secretion of GH. Somatostatin is produced during hyperglycemia.
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22
Q

also called thyrotropin, and its target
organ is the thyroid gland.

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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23
Q

stimulates the normal growth of the thyroid and the secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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24
Q

stimulates the secretion of cortisol and
other hormones by the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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25
responsible for lactation. More precisely, initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands.
prolactin
26
one of the gonadotropic hormones. IT stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles; that is, it initiates egg development in cycles of approximately 28 days. In men, initiates sperm production within the testes.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
27
another gonadotropic hormone. In women, it is responsible for ovulation, the release of a mature ovum from an ovarian follicle. In men, it stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
28
The two hormones of the posterior pituitary gland
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
29
(also called vasopressin) increases the reabsorption of water by kidney tubules, which decreases the amount of urine formed. It also decreases sweating, but the amount of water conserved is much less than that conserved by the kidneys.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
30
stimulates contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy and stimulates release of milk from the mammary glands.
Oxytosin
31
Anterior Pituitary Gland hormones
1. Growth hormone 2. Prolactin 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone 4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone 5. Luteinizing hormone 6. Follicle-stimulating hormone
32
Posterior Pituitary Gland hormones
1. Oxytocin 2. Antidiuretic hormone
33
Hypersecretion of growth hormone after long bone growth has ended (as an adult) is called
acromegaly
34
Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus influence the activities of the
anterior pituitary gland
35
Located on the front and sides of the trachea just below the larynx
thyroid gland
36
The structural units of the thyroid gland are _____, which produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
thyroid follicles
37
The third hormone produced by the thyroid gland is_____, which is secreted by parafollicular cells and its function is very different from those of thyroxine and T3.
calcitonin
38
regulation of energy production and protein synthesis, which contribute to the growth of the body and to normal body functioning throughout life.
Thyroxine (T4) and T3
39
These hormones are the most important day-to-day regulators of metabolic rate; their activity is reflected in the functioning of the brain, muscles, heart, and virtually all other organs
Thyroxine (T4) and T3
40
Secretion of thyroxine and T3 is stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
41
decreases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from the bones to the blood, thereby lowering blood levels of these minerals.
Calcitonin
42
are tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid.
Parathyroid Glands
43
There are four parathyroid glands: two on the back of each lobe of the thyroid gland.
44
Its functions include secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), stimulation of osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone, stimulation of the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium and raising calcium levels in the blood
Parathyroid Glands
45
an antagonist to calcitonin and is important for the maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate.
Parathyroid Hormones
46
The target organs of PTH are the bones, small intestine, and kidneys.
47
increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to the blood, thereby raising their blood levels.
Parathyroid Hormones
48
Calcium in the blood is essential for the process of blood clotting and for normal activity of neurons and muscle cells.
49
The thyroid gland is located:
below the Adam's apple
50
The body's major metabolic hormone is called:
thyroid hormone
51
The element necessary in the diet for proper thyroid function is:
iodine
52
Hyposecretion of thyroxine in childhood leads to a disease known as:
cretinism
53
Thyroid hormone targets all cells of the body.
54
Thyroid hormone is actually two iodine-containing hormones called T3 and T4.
55
Thyroxine is converted to triiodothyronine at target tissues to promote metabolism.
56
Calcitonin is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
57
Calcitonin is a hormone antagonistic to parathyroid hormone in the regulation of blood calcium concentration.
58
_____ is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, extending from the curve of the duodenum to the spleen.
pancreas
59
The hormone-producing cells of the pancreas are called _____
islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)
60
The hormone-producing cells of the pancreas are called _____ they contain alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin.
islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)
61
stimulates the liver to change glycogen to glucose (this process is called glycogenolysis) and to increase the use of fats and excess amino acids for energy production
Glucagon
62
the conversion of excess amino acids into simple carbohydrates that may enter the reactions of cell respiration.
process of gluconeogenesis
63
Increases the transport of glucose from the blood into cells by increasing the permeability of cell membranes to glucose.
Insulin
64
Without insulin, blood levels of lipids tend to rise and cells accumulate excess fatty acids.
65
These produce the hormone somatostatin, which is identical to growth hormone–inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus
delta cells
66
Insulin and glucagon are both hormones that are produced by __________.
Pancreas
67
Glucagon acts as an antagonist to a hormone called __________.
Insulin
68
When blood glucose levels are too high, the beta cells of the pancreas release __________ to decrease levels.
Insulin
69
Insulin is produced by cells of the pancreatic islets called:
Beta cells
70
Which of the following hormones decreases blood glucose levels:
Insulin
71
The pancreas is located:
close to the stomach
72
Two types of Diabetes mellitus
Type 1 (Insulin-dependent diabetes) - its onset is usually in childhood "Juvenile onset". Type 2 (Non-insulin dependent) - its onset is usually later in life, "maturity-onset".
73
_____ diabetes is characterized by destruction of the beta cells of theislets of langerhans and a complete lack of insulin
Type 1
74
_____ diabetes, insulin is produced but cannot exert its effects on cells because of a loss of insulin receptors on cell membranes.
Type 2
75
The two adrenal glands are located one on top of each kidney, which gives them their other name of suprarenal glands.
76
The cells of the adrenal medulla secrete_____ and _____ which collectively are called catecholamines and are sympathomimetic.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
77
_____ and _____are both secreted in stress situations and help prepare the body for “fight or flight.”
Epinephrine (Adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin)
78
_____ is secreted in small amounts, and its most significant function is to cause vasoconstriction in the skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles (that is, throughout the body), which raises blood pressure.
Norepinephrine
79
secreted in larger amounts, increases the heart rate and force of contraction and stimulates vasoconstriction in skin and viscera and vasodilation in skeletal muscles.
Epinephrine
80
_____ secretes three types of steroid hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones.
adrenal cortex
81
the most abundant of the mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone
82
_____increases the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium by the kidney tubules.
Aldosterone
83
Aldosterone maintains normal blood levels of sodium and potassium, and contributes to the maintenance of normal blood pH, blood volume, and blood pressure.
84
causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex.
Angiotensin II
85
increases the use of fats and excess amino acids (gluconeogenesis) for energy and decreases the use of glucose
Cortisol
86
_____ blocks the effects of histamine and stabilizes lysosomal membranes, preventing excessive tissue destruction.
Cortisol
87
Mineralocorticoids regulate the concentration of __________ and __________ ions in our blood.
sodium and potassium
88
Cortisone and cortisol and types of __________ produced by the middle cortical layer of the adrenal gland.
Glucocorticoids
89
The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, which causes the release of aldosterone, is called __________.
Renin
90
Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are called __________.
Androgen
91
Another name for epinephrine is __________
Adrenaline
92
The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus
93
The hormones produced by the ovaries are the steroids _____ and _____, and the protein _____.
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
94
promotes the maturation of the ovum in the ovarian follicle and stimulates the growth of blood vessels in the endometrium (lining) of the uterus in preparation for a possible fertilized egg.
Estrogen
95
When a mature ovarian follicle releases an ovum, the follicle becomes the corpus luteum and begins to secrete ____ in addition to estrogen. This is stimulated by LH from the anterior pituitary gland.
progesterone
96
promotes the storage of glycogen and the further growth of blood vessels in the endometrium, which thus becomes a potential placenta.
progesterone
97
_____ helps decrease the secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland, and GnRH by thehypothalamus.
Inhibin
98
Testes are located in the scrotum, a sac of skin between the upper thighs.
99
Two hormones, testosterone and inhibin, are secreted by the testes.
100
a steroid hormone secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes; the stimulus for secretion is LH from the anterior pituitary gland.
Testosterone
101
promotes maturation of sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes; this process begins at puberty and continues throughout life.
Testosterone
102
The function of inhibin is to decrease the secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland.
103
The interaction of inhibin, testosterone, and the anterior pituitary hormones maintains spermatogenesis at a constant rate.
104
The cells in the testes that produce testosterone are called:
interstitial cells
105
Which hormone is produced by the placenta that stimulates the ovaries to continue producing estrogen and progesterone:
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
106

CN 100 (8 decks)

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