Respiratory System Flashcards by Charmaine Pascua

The process of supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide.

Respiration

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WHAT ARE THE THREE STEPS IN RESPIRATION

Pulmonary ventilation
External (pulmonary) respiration
Internal (tissue) respiration

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The inflow of oxygen and the outflow of carbon dioxide. This
step is simply called breathing.

Pulmonary ventilation

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steps that involves the alveoli and the capillaries of the pulmonary circulation. It involves the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries while carbon dioxide diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries
into the alveoli for excretion.

External (pulmonary) respiration

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In this step the blood losses its oxygen by giving it off to the tissues in exchange of
carbon dioxide which is one of the byproduct of cellular metabolism. This process is also
known as cellular respiration.

Internal (tissue) respiration

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The components of the upper respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi and lungs.

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a specialized organ which serves as the entrance air into the
respiratory system

nose

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a muscular tube posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and anterior to the cervical vertebrae

pharynx

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The pharynx may be divided into
three parts:

nasopharynx, oropharynx laryngopharynx

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The purpose of the _____ is to permit air to enter or leave the middle ears, allowing the eardrums to vibrate properly.

eustachian tubes

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is often called the voice box, a name that indicates one of its
functions, which is speaking

larynx

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The other function of the _____ is to be an air passageway between the pharynx and the trachea

larynx

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The functional units of the lungs are the air sacs called ______

alveoli

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The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the ____

palate

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The tonsils are located in the _____

pharynx

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The “guardian of the airways” that prevents food from entering the superior opening of
the larynx is the _____

Epiglotis

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Each main (primary) bronchus enters the lung at the _____

Hilum

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the smallest of the conducting passageways in the lungs.

Bronchioles

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Passageway for both food and air; known
as the “throat”

pharynx

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Rigid, patent airway reinforced with Crings of hyaline cartilage

Trachea

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Routes air and food into their proper
channels

Larynx

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Protects the superior opening of the
larynx during swallowing

Epiglottis

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Serous membranes surrounding the
lungs

Pleeura

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Part of the respiratory zone, these air
sacs are the sites of gas exchange

Alveoli

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The term for the movement of air to and from the alveoli

Ventilation

The two aspects of ventilation are ______ and ______, which are brought about by the nervous system and the respiratory muscles.

Inhalation and exhalation

it is the medulla that generates impulses to the respiratory muscles.

is a dome-shaped muscle below the lungs; when it contracts, it flattens and moves downward.

diaphragm

With respect to breathing, three types of pressure are

1. Atmospheric pressure 2. Intrapleural pressure 3. Intrapulmonic pressure

The pressure of the air around us

Atmospheric pressure

the pressure within the potential pleural space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura

Intrapleural pressure

The pressure within the bronchial tree and alveoli. This pressure fluctuates below and above atmospheric pressure during each cycle of breathing.

Intrapulmonic pressure

______, also called inspiration. ______ may also be called expiration

Inhalation Exhalation

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is _____mmHg.

760 mmHg.

Intrapleural pressure is always slightly below atmospheric pressure (about _____ mmHg) and is called a negative pressure.

756 mmHg

The _____ pull the ribs upward and outward.

external intercostal

_____ pull the ribs downward and inward.

Internal intercostal muscles

Ventilation is the result of the respiratory muscles producing changes in the pressure within the alveoli and bronchial tree.

Normal, quiet breathing which moves approximately 500 mL of air per breath

Tidal volume

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal expiration

expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly over the tidal volume

inspiratory reserve volume

Total amount of exchangeable air

vital capacity

Air that remains in the lungs even after the most strenuous expiration

residual volume

Sum total of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume

total lung capacity

MRV is calculated by multiplying tidal volume by the number of respirations per minute (average range: 12 to 20 per minute).

two sites of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide:

the lungs and the tissues of the body.

The exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries is called _____

external respiration

the exchange of gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid (cells) of the body

Internal respiration

The air we INHALE (the earth’s atmosphere) is approximately 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide.

The exhaled air also contains about 16% oxygen and 4.5% carbon dioxide

The concentration of each gas in a particular site (alveolar air, pulmonary blood, and so on) is expressed in a value called _____

partial pressure

Another measure of blood oxygen is the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SaO2). The higher the PO2, the higher the SaO2, and as PO2 decreases, so does SaO2, though not as rapidly.

To maintain an ionic equilibrium, chloride ions (Cl–) from the plasma enter the red blood cells; this is called the _____

chloride shift

two major types of chambers:

monoplane and multiple

Two types of mechanisms regulate breathing:

nervous mechanisms and chemical mechanisms.

prolongs inhalation

apneustic centre

refers to the effect on breathing of blood pH and blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Chemical regulation

decrease in the blood level of oxygen

(hypoxia)

excess CO2 makes the blood or other body fluids less alkaline (or more acidic).

the major regulator of respiration

Carbon dioxide

As carbon dioxide levels increases, the pH of the blood __________ (becomes more acidic).

decreases

The respiratory centers in the brain stimulate the inspiratory muscles to __________and ___________ the breathing rate.

increase and regulate

_____________ is breathing that is deeper and more rapid than normal breathing and removes more carbon dioxide from the blood.

hyperventilation

If carbon dioxide levels are too low, the blood pH __________ (becomes more alkaline).

increases

The breathing rate slows (called ______________) to retain more carbonic acid and __________ the blood pH.

Hypoventilation

The motor cortex within the cerebral cortex of the brain controls voluntary respiration (the ascending respiratory pathway).

The major nerves involved in respiration. 1. Phrenic nerves: These control the diaphragm, which is the main muscle for inhaling. 2. Vagus nerves: These help manage automatic functions, including involuntary breathing. 3. Posterior thoracic nerves: These assist with the muscles involved in breathing.

An increase in carbon dioxide concentration leads to a decrease in the pH of blood due to the production of H+ ions from carbonic acid.

______causes alakalosis, which causes a feedback response of decreased ventilation (to increase carbon dioxide)

HYPERVENTILATION

_____ causes acidosis, which causes a feedback response of increased ventilation (to remove carbon dioxide).

hypoventilation

Vomiting causes alkalosis and diarrhea causes acidosis

_____ is initiated by stimulation of stretch receptors (This reflex helps control breathing by stopping inhalation when the lungs are stretched too much and starting exhalation instead. It protects against taking in too much air).

Breuer inflation reflex

is initiated by stimulation of the compression receptors (called proprioceptors) or deactivation of  stretch receptors when the lungs deflate.

deflation reflex

An increase in pulmonary stretch receptor activity leads to an elevation of heart rate (_____ )

tachycardia

A cyclical, elevated heart rate from inspiration is called _____ and is a normal response in youth. (A normal increase and decrease in heart rate during breathing).

sinus arrhythmia