The Blood: An Overview

Question 1

The study of cellular elements of blood, the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, in a normal state and during a pathological condition that effects them

Answer 1

Hematology

Question 2

The quantitative and qualitative evaluation and interpretation of the formed elements of the blood

Answer 2

Hematology

Question 3

The science encompassing the medical study of the blood and blood-Producing organs

Answer 3

Hematology

Question 4

Describe homeostasis in hematology

Answer 4

Interactions between vessels, platelets, coagulation factors, Coagulation inhibitors and Finborough lytic proteins to maintain the blood within the vascular compartment in a fluid state. To preserve intravascular integrity by Achieving a balance between hemorrhage and thrombus

Question 5

Homeostasis involves a balance between…

Answer 5

 hemorrhage and thrombus

Question 6

What prevents blood from clotting?

Answer 6

Anticoagulants

Question 7

_____________ help enhance the clotting mechanism

Answer 7

Clot activators

Question 8

What is used as an inert material added to serve as a separation barrier between the liquid (Plasma or serum) And the cells?

Answer 8

Separator gel

Question 9

______________ clot (Coagulation) Within minutes forming a semi solid jelly-like mass

What separates from the clot In the upper half of the tube after centrifugation?

Answer 9

Spontaneous

Pale yellow fluid (serum) 

Question 10

What kind of studies is serum used for?

Answer 10

Chemistry and serological studies

Question 11

What is serum depleted of?

Answer 11

Blood cells and coagulation factors

Question 12

How does EDTA (purple top) prevent clotting?

Answer 12

By removing calcium

Question 13

When EDTA is centrifuged the top layer yellow layer is now ________ and still contains the coagulation factors. What is found below this layer?

Answer 13

Plasma

WBCs and platelets are below in a thin whitish layer known as the “Buffy coat”

Question 14

What are the normal EDTA proportions in a normal male adult?

Answer 14

52% plasma
1% buddy coat
47% hematocrit (The percentage of packed RBC in the whole blood volume) 

Question 15

What are the three families of blood cells?

Answer 15

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and thrombocytes

Question 16

What is the diameter of red blood cells and what are they filled with?

Answer 16

6-8 micrometers

Question 17

Red blood cells have a central zone of _________

Answer 17

Pallor

Question 18

 These control homeostasis in initiate repair to blood vessels

Answer 18

Platelets 

Question 19

What are four characteristics of thrombocytes?

Answer 19

Anucleate
Round or oval
Slightly granular
2-4 Micrometers in diameter

Question 20

 Thrombocytosis is too little or too much platelets?

Answer 20

Elevated levels

Question 21

What is the main function of thrombocytes?

Answer 21

Homeostasis

Question 22

Most Testing requires collection in what three tubes?

Answer 22

• EDTA-For whole blood determinations
• Sodium citrate- for coagulation determination
• Sodium or lithium heparin-For chemical and coagulation determination

Question 23

• prevents coagulation by removing calcium from blood plasma by precipitation or binding in an ionized form
• Prevents platelet clumping

Answer 23

EDTA (purple top)

Question 24

• prevents coagulation by removing calcium from plasma by precipitation or binding in unionized form
• necessary 1:9 Dilution factor

Answer 24

Sodium citrate (Light blue top)

Question 25

-acts by forming a complex with plasma antithrombin three, which inhibits thrombin in other stages of clotting factor activation

Answer 25

Sodium or lithium heparin

Question 26

What is the specimen collection of choice for whole blood determination?

Answer 26

EDTA

Question 27

What are two ways EDTA is used?

Answer 27

•CBC (Complete blood count)
-Invert 2-7 times before “running” on machine
• differential analysis
-Make a peripheral blood smear and stain slide with Wright’s stain (Wrights-Giemsa or Romanowsky stain)
Purpose is to see the cells and evaluate morphology 

Question 28

What is the choice specimen collection tube for Coagulation determination?

Answer 28

Sodium citrate

Question 29

How is coagulation determination performed with sodium citrate collection tube?

Answer 29

-centrifuged in order to separate plasma from platelets and red cells
-After centrifugation, specimen is chilled at 18-24°C for a maximum of four hours before testing (This Preserves coagulation factors)


Question 30

What are four additional tests in hematology?

Answer 30

• bone marrow examination
• Flow cytometry
• Cytogenetic testing
• Molecular diagnostics

Question 31

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 31

1. Supplies nutrients to all tissues, especially oxygen
2. Carries end products of metabolism to the liver and kidneys for disposal
3. Natural defense mechanisms [Phagocytic cells, Immunoglobulins (antibodies), Immunologic cells (lymphocytes)
4. Coagulation

Question 32