The Beginnings of Change Flashcards
Between what years did the Renaissance take place?
1400-1600
Which invention in 1446 allowed for better communication?
Gutenberg’s Printing Press
Name 3 Influential Renaissance doctors
Ambrose Pare, Andreas Vesalius, William Harvey
When was Vesalius born?
1514
Which university was Vesalius professor of surgery at?
The University of Padua
What did Vesalius discover using his dissections?
Galen had made mistakes about human anatomy
Which book did Vesalius publish in 1543?
On the Fabric of the Human Body
Which substance was used to cauterise gunshot wounds in the 16th century?
Hot Oil
Explain why Pare challenged the traditional belief about hot oil
During a battle in 1537 he ran out of hot oil and found that simply using the cream lead to less pain and quicker healing
Which old method around amputation did Pare revive?
Tying ligatures around blood vessels
Name 1 disadvantage of ligatures
Caused infection and slower than cauterisation
When was William Harvey born?
1578
Which two universities did Harvey study at?
University of Cambridge and University of Padua
What was the commonly believed Galenic view on circulation?
New blood was made in the liver and burned up as fuel, blood passed from the right hand to left hand side of the heart through tiny holes
What was Harvey’s theory of circulation based on dissections?
Blood was pumped around the body by the heart, and discovered that the valves in blood vessels make sure blood only flows one direction
Which book did Harvey publish on his findings?
Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals(1628)
What were Vesalius, Pare and Harvey criticised for?
Daring to challenge Galen
How did Vesalius’ detailed anatomical drawings help medicine?
Aided the development of surgery
How did Pare aid medical development?
Inspired English surgeons to question old ideas and experiment with new methods e.g William Clowed
When did Pare write works on surgery?
1575
Name 3 things Harvey’s discoveries did aid the development of
Blood Tests, Blood Transfusions, Heart Transplants
Who did people go to instead of a trained doctor?
Barber surgeon for minor operations, apothecaries and wise person for herbal remedies
What was the name of the writer of the Complete Herbal in 1653?
Nicholas Culpeper
Name 2 Substances brought back by explorers from other countries
Cinchona Bark from S America to treat malaria, Opium from turkey as anaesthetic
When did microscopes began to be used?
1677, to discover micro-organisms
Define Quacks
Showy salespeople who pretended to have medical knowledge but did not in fact
Name 3 Advantages of using a quack
Cheap compared to doctor, Expertly marketed, Contained alcohol and opium to mask symptoms, Placebo effect
What did Thomas Sydenham advocate?
Taking a restrained approach rather than purging and bloodletting
How many people in London did the Great Plague kill in 1665?
100,000 people
Were people aware of the cause and treatment of disease during the Great Plague?
No
How was the response to the Great Plague different to previous outbreaks of the Black Death?
There was a more organised approach to prevention of disease such as using quarantines and social distancing
What was the purpose of Searchers?
To identify people suffering from the plague, so that they could be quarantined in their houses
What law did King Charles II pass in 1666?
All public gatherings were now banned
How many hospitals were added to the original two in London from 1720-50?
Five
How many patients did London’s hospitals care for by 1800?
20,000 patients
Name 4 Similarities between Renaissance and Medieval Hospitals
Treatments still based on 4 humours, free care to those in poverty, surgery as a last resort, specialist hospitals such as St Luke’s and the Foundling Hospital
When was St Luke’s hospital opened?
1751
When was the Foundling Hospital opened?
1741
Name 4 Differences between Renaissance and Medieval hospitals
Places to treat patients, now looked after by nurses and doctors, medical schools attached to new hospitals, built to care for hundreds of patients
Define Dispensaries
Places that gave out medicines for free
When was John Hunter born?
1728
Which king did Hunter become surgeon on?
King George III’s
Name 3 Scientific beliefs of John Hunter
Refrained from carrying out amputations on wounded soldiers, mercury and bread pills to treat gonorrhoea, study of anatomy
What percentage of people who caught smallpox died?
30%
Define Inoculation
A method of treatment first used in medieval Asia in which a patient is given a mild dose of a disease to build up resistance
In what decade and by what person was inoculation introduced to Britain?
1920s, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Describe the 2 main problems with inoculation
When infected with a mild dose they still became infectious
It could be dangerous if dosage was wrong
Who invented vaccination?
Edward Jenner
When was smallpox vaccination made compulsory?
1853
By what year was smallpox completely eradicated?
1980
