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BMS1011 Anatomy > The Axial Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

The Axial Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones.

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2
Q

What bones make up the skull?

A

Cranium, mandible and auditory ossicles.

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3
Q

What major groups of bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column and thoracic cage.

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4
Q

How many bones make up the skull?

A

28

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5
Q

How many bones make up the vertebral column?

A

26

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6
Q

How many bones make up the thoracic cage?

A

25

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7
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

Supports the larynx and is the attachment site for muscle of the larynx, pharynx and the tongue. Required for swallowing and speech.

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8
Q

What is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone?

A

Hyoid bone.

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9
Q

Is the hyoid bone fragile?

A

Yes and so does not fossilise well.

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10
Q

What is the function of the lesser horns of the hyoid bone?

A

Attach to the stylohyoid ligaments

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11
Q

What is the function of the greater horns of the hyoid bone?

A

Support the larynx and the tongue (attached).

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12
Q

The enlargement of which bone in the howler monkeys allows loud vocalisation?

A

The hyoid bone.

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13
Q

Compare the location of the hyoid bone between neanderthals, humans and other mammals.

A

It was similar in neanderthal to that oh humans, maybe slightly higher but lower than in other mammals.

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14
Q

What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal.

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15
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A

Protection of the spinal cord and nerves, support body weight, provide a rigid and flexible axis for the body and a pivot for the head, posture and locomotion.

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16
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do humans have?

A

7

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17
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae do humans have?

A

12

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18
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do humans have?

A

5

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19
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do humans have?

A

5 fused into 1.

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20
Q

How many coccyx bones do humans have?

A

1

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21
Q

How many spinal curves does an adult human have?

A

Four.

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22
Q

What are the primary spinal curves?

A

Thoracic and sacral

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23
Q

What are the secondary spinal curves?

A

Lumbar and cervical- develop during childhood with lifting the head and upright position.

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24
Q

What are the function of the spinal curves?

A

Strength, balance in upright position, absorb shock and prevent fracture of vertebrae.

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25
Q

What is kyphosi?

A

Excessive posterior thoracic curvature (hunchback).

26
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Excessive anterior lumbar curvature (swayback).

27
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Lateral curvature

28
Q

Compare the vertebrae size between humans and quadrapedal primates?

A

The difference between the lumbar and thoracic regions is greater in humans.

29
Q

What is the function of spinous processes on vertebrae?

A

Muscle and ligament attachment.

30
Q

Compare the cervical vertebrae body to that of other vertebrae.

A

Small and laterally wide.

31
Q

Compare the cervical vertebrae foramen to that of other vertebrae.

A

Large and triangular.

32
Q

What structure is unique to cervical vertebrae and what is its function?

A

Transverse foramen- passage of arteries.

33
Q

What structure is the atlas missing when compare to other vertebrae?

A

The spinous process.

34
Q

What does the superior articular facet of the atlas articulate with?

A

Bones of the skull.

35
Q

Which of the atlas and axis has transverse foramen?

A

Atlas

36
Q

What to mammals are the only exceptions to having 7 cervical vertebrae?

A

Manatee and sloth.

37
Q

Compare the thoracic vertebral foramen to other vertebrae.

A

Smaller than that of cervical vertebrae.

38
Q

Compare the body of the thoracic vertebrae to that of other vertebrae.

A

Larger than cervical

Heart-shaped.

39
Q

What are the two major parts of intervertebral disks?

A

Nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosis.

40
Q

Describe the nucleus pulposus.

A

Gelatinous (70% water) inner sphere. Very flexible. Allows spine to absorb compressive stresses.

41
Q

Describe the anulus fibrosis.

A

Outer collar of ligaments and fibrocartilage. Binds vertebrae together, resists tension and absorbs compressive forces.

42
Q

Between what bones does ligamentum nuchae extend?

A

Ct to the base of the skull

43
Q

Between what bones does the supraspinous ligament extend?

A

Spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum

44
Q

At what age do sacral vertebrae begin to fuse?

A

16-18

45
Q

Wha bones make up the thoracic cage?

A

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum.

46
Q

What are the three bones that make up the sternum?

A

Manubrium, pectoral girdle, xiphoid process.

47
Q

Which ribs are true ribs?

A

1-7

48
Q

Which ribs are false ribs?

A

8-12

49
Q

Which part of the muscle is contractile?

A

The belly

50
Q

Are tendons highly vascularised?

A

No, poorly vascularised.

51
Q

What is the origin of muscle?

A

Where the fixed end of the muscle attaches.

52
Q

What is the insertion of muscle?

A

Where the moveable end of the muscle attaches.

53
Q

What is an agonist muscle?

A

Muscle whose contraction is mainly responsible for movement.

54
Q

What is the antagonist muscle?

A

Muscle whose action opposes the agonist

55
Q

What is the synergist muscle?

A

Muscle that helps the agonist work effectively

56
Q

What is the fixator muscle?

A

Muscle that stabilises one part of the body during movement of another part.

57
Q

What movement do erector spinae allow?

A

Extension

58
Q

What are the three erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis

59
Q

Where are transversospinalis muscles located?

A

Between the transverse and spinous processes.

60
Q

What are the three transversospinalis muscles?

A

Semispinalis, rotators, multifidi.

61
Q

What is the orientation of transverse abdominal obliques in relation to rectus abdominus?

A

Perpendicular.

BMS1011 Anatomy (9 decks)

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