The Axial Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

80 bones.

Question 2

What bones make up the skull?

Answer 2

Cranium, mandible and auditory ossicles.

Question 3

What major groups of bones make up the axial skeleton?

Answer 3

Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column and thoracic cage.

Question 4

How many bones make up the skull?

Answer 4

28

Question 5

How many bones make up the vertebral column?

Answer 5

26

Question 6

How many bones make up the thoracic cage?

Answer 6

25

Question 7

What is the hyoid bone?

Answer 7

Supports the larynx and is the attachment site for muscle of the larynx, pharynx and the tongue. Required for swallowing and speech.

Question 8

What is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone?

Answer 8

Hyoid bone.

Question 9

Is the hyoid bone fragile?

Answer 9

Yes and so does not fossilise well.

Question 10

What is the function of the lesser horns of the hyoid bone?

Answer 10

Attach to the stylohyoid ligaments

Question 11

What is the function of the greater horns of the hyoid bone?

Answer 11

Support the larynx and the tongue (attached).

Question 12

The enlargement of which bone in the howler monkeys allows loud vocalisation?

Answer 12

The hyoid bone.

Question 13

Compare the location of the hyoid bone between neanderthals, humans and other mammals.

Answer 13

It was similar in neanderthal to that oh humans, maybe slightly higher but lower than in other mammals.

Question 14

What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

Answer 14

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal.

Question 15

What is the function of the vertebral column?

Answer 15

Protection of the spinal cord and nerves, support body weight, provide a rigid and flexible axis for the body and a pivot for the head, posture and locomotion.

Question 16

How many cervical vertebrae do humans have?

Answer 16

7

Question 17

How many thoracic vertebrae do humans have?

Answer 17

12

Question 18

How many lumbar vertebrae do humans have?

Answer 18

5

Question 19

How many sacral vertebrae do humans have?

Answer 19

5 fused into 1.

Question 20

How many coccyx bones do humans have?

Answer 20

1

Question 21

How many spinal curves does an adult human have?

Answer 21

Four.

Question 22

What are the primary spinal curves?

Answer 22

Thoracic and sacral

Question 23

What are the secondary spinal curves?

Answer 23

Lumbar and cervical- develop during childhood with lifting the head and upright position.

Question 24

What are the function of the spinal curves?

Answer 24

Strength, balance in upright position, absorb shock and prevent fracture of vertebrae.

Question 25

What is kyphosi?

Answer 25

Excessive posterior thoracic curvature (hunchback).

Question 26

What is lordosis?

Answer 26

Excessive anterior lumbar curvature (swayback).

Question 27

What is scoliosis?

Answer 27

Lateral curvature

Question 28

Compare the vertebrae size between humans and quadrapedal primates?

Answer 28

The difference between the lumbar and thoracic regions is greater in humans.

Question 29

What is the function of spinous processes on vertebrae?

Answer 29

Muscle and ligament attachment.

Question 30

Compare the cervical vertebrae body to that of other vertebrae.

Answer 30

Small and laterally wide.

Question 31

Compare the cervical vertebrae foramen to that of other vertebrae.

Answer 31

Large and triangular.

Question 32

What structure is unique to cervical vertebrae and what is its function?

Answer 32

Transverse foramen- passage of arteries.

Question 33

What structure is the atlas missing when compare to other vertebrae?

Answer 33

The spinous process.

Question 34

What does the superior articular facet of the atlas articulate with?

Answer 34

Bones of the skull.

Question 35

Which of the atlas and axis has transverse foramen?

Answer 35

Atlas

Question 36

What to mammals are the only exceptions to having 7 cervical vertebrae?

Answer 36

Manatee and sloth.

Question 37

Compare the thoracic vertebral foramen to other vertebrae.

Answer 37

Smaller than that of cervical vertebrae.

Question 38

Compare the body of the thoracic vertebrae to that of other vertebrae.

Answer 38

Larger than cervical | Heart-shaped.

Question 39

What are the two major parts of intervertebral disks?

Answer 39

Nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosis.

Question 40

Describe the nucleus pulposus.

Answer 40

Gelatinous (70% water) inner sphere. Very flexible. Allows spine to absorb compressive stresses.

Question 41

Describe the anulus fibrosis.

Answer 41

Outer collar of ligaments and fibrocartilage. Binds vertebrae together, resists tension and absorbs compressive forces.

Question 42

Between what bones does ligamentum nuchae extend?

Answer 42

Ct to the base of the skull

Question 43

Between what bones does the supraspinous ligament extend?

Answer 43

Spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum

Question 44

At what age do sacral vertebrae begin to fuse?

Answer 44

16-18

Question 45

Wha bones make up the thoracic cage?

Answer 45

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum.

Question 46

What are the three bones that make up the sternum?

Answer 46

Manubrium, pectoral girdle, xiphoid process.

Question 47

Which ribs are true ribs?

Answer 47

1-7

Question 48

Which ribs are false ribs?

Answer 48

8-12

Question 49

Which part of the muscle is contractile?

Answer 49

The belly

Question 50

Are tendons highly vascularised?

Answer 50

No, poorly vascularised.

Question 51

What is the origin of muscle?

Answer 51

Where the fixed end of the muscle attaches.

Question 52

What is the insertion of muscle?

Answer 52

Where the moveable end of the muscle attaches.

Question 53

What is an agonist muscle?

Answer 53

Muscle whose contraction is mainly responsible for movement.

Question 54

What is the antagonist muscle?

Answer 54

Muscle whose action opposes the agonist

Question 55

What is the synergist muscle?

Answer 55

Muscle that helps the agonist work effectively

Question 56

What is the fixator muscle?

Answer 56

Muscle that stabilises one part of the body during movement of another part.

Question 57

What movement do erector spinae allow?

Answer 57

Extension

Question 58

What are the three erector spinae?

Answer 58

Iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis

Question 59

Where are transversospinalis muscles located?

Answer 59

Between the transverse and spinous processes.

Question 60

What are the three transversospinalis muscles?

Answer 60

Semispinalis, rotators, multifidi.

Question 61

What is the orientation of transverse abdominal obliques in relation to rectus abdominus?

Answer 61

Perpendicular.