Musculoskeletal Tissues

Question 1

List the five function of the skeleton.

Answer 1

Support, protection, body movement, storage of mineral and fats, blood cell formation.

Question 2

How many bones are there in the human body?

Answer 2

206

Question 3

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

Answer 3

80

Question 4

How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 4

126

Question 5

What are the four tissues that make up the skeletal system?

Answer 5

Bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments.

Question 6

What tissue of the skeletal system contains mineralised matrix of crystalline calcium and calcium carbonate?

Answer 6

Bone

Question 7

Which component of bone gives flexibility?

Answer 7

Collagen

Question 8

Why is it advantageous for deers to have antlers with high collagen content?

Answer 8

Collagen is relatively flexible and highly absorbs shock.

Question 9

Which component of bone makes it hard and brittle?

Answer 9

Hydroxyapatite.

Question 10

Why do auditory ossicles contain a high amount of hydroxyapatite?

Answer 10

They are used for sound transmission.

Question 11

What are the four types of cells in bone?

Answer 11

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts.

Question 12

What are osteocytes?

Answer 12

Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix.

Question 13

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 13

Immature bone cells that secrete organic components of the bone matrix.

Question 14

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

Answer 14

Stem cells whose division produce osteoblasts.

Question 15

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 15

Multinucleated cells that secrete acids and enzymes to dissolve ECM.

Question 16

Which cells of the bone are multi-nucleated?

Answer 16

Osteoclasts.

Question 17

What is the periosteum?

Answer 17

The outer layer of bone

Question 18

What is the endosteum?

Answer 18

The inner cavity of bone

Question 19

What are the three major parts of a long bone?

Answer 19

Epiphysis, diaphysis and metaphysis.

Question 20

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 20

The shaft of the long bone

Question 21

What is the epiphysis?

Answer 21

Either end of the long bone

Question 22

What is the metaphysis?

Answer 22

Region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. It contains the growth plate.

Question 23

Is cartilage vascularised?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 24

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.

Question 25

Describe hyaline cartilage.

Answer 25

Matrix of closely packed packed collagen fibres. Supports tissues and organs and is used for bone development. Immobile.

Question 26

Describe elastic cartilage.

Answer 26

Contains numerous elastic fibres that make it resilient and flexible.

Question 27

Describe fibrocartilage.

Answer 27

Has little ground substance. Matrix contains mainly dense collagen fibres. Durable and tough. Most dense, least mobile.

Question 28

List examples of hyaline cartilage location.

Answer 28

Nose, articulate surfaces of bones.

Question 29

List examples of elastic cartilage location.

Answer 29

Ears

Question 30

List examples of fibrocartilage location.

Answer 30

Pubic symphysis

Question 31

What are the two processes via which bone develops?

Answer 31

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

Question 32

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 32

Bone is formed from mesenchyme (a connective tissue) without becoming cartilage first.

Question 33

What bones in the bod undergo intramembranous ossification?

Answer 33

Skull and clavicles.

Question 34

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 34

Formation of hyaline cartilage followed by replacement by bone.

Question 35

List the stages of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 35

Mesenchyme differentiates into osteoblasts, which differentiate into osteoclasts. Blood and lymph grow into the bone.

Question 36

What does bone remodelling refer to?

Answer 36

Osteoclasts destroy old bone material, while osteoblasts create new bone.

Question 37

What are joints?

Answer 37

Articulations/areas when two or more adjacent bones interact.

Question 38

What are the three types of joints is classified by function?

Answer 38

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis.

Question 39

How much movement to synarthrosis joints allow?

Answer 39

No movement.

Question 40

Describe synarthrosis joints.

Answer 40

Bone edges are close together or interlock. They are extremely strong.

Question 41

What is an example of a synarthrosis joint?

Answer 41

Joints in the skull.

Question 42

How much movement do amphiarthrosis joints allow?

Answer 42

Little movement.

Question 43

Descrive amphiarthrosis joints.

Answer 43

Articulating bones are connected by collagen fibres or cartilage.

Question 44

What is an example of an amphoarthrosis joint?

Answer 44

Pubic bone.

Question 45

How much movement does a diarthrosis joint allow?

Answer 45

Free movement.

Question 46

Where are diarthrosis joints located?

Answer 46

Appendicular skeleton.

Question 47

What are the three types of joints if classified by structure?

Answer 47

Cartilaginous, fibrous and synovial.

Question 48

What are cartilagenous joints?

Answer 48

Joints firmly held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage and/or fibro- cartilage.

Question 49

What are fibrous joints?

Answer 49

Joints in which the articular surface of the bones are attached to each other through fibrous connective tissues.

Question 50

What are synovial joints?

Answer 50

Freely moveable joints covered in articulate cartilage within a cavity filled with synovial fluid. The fluid is lined with synovial membrane and reinforced by a fibrous capsule and ligaments.

Question 51

What are examples of locations of fibrous joints?

Answer 51

Skull, tibia-fibula.

Question 52

What are examples of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 52

Sternum, spine, epiphyseal plates.

Question 53

What is an example of a synovial joint?

Answer 53

Knee

Question 54

What are the four accessory structures of synovial joints?

Answer 54

Fat pads, ligaments, tendons and bursae.

Question 55

What are the six types of synovial joints?

Answer 55

Gliding, condylar, hinge, saddle, pivot and ball-and-socket.

Question 56

What are the four properties of skeletal muscle?

Answer 56

Excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity.

Question 57

Compare slow and fast fibres.

Answer 57

Slow: small, dark (myoglobin), fatigue resistant. Fast: large, pale, easily fatigue

Question 58

What are the three types of muscle fibres?

Answer 58

Slow, fast and intermediate.

Question 59

What are the four fascicle organisation types?

Answer 59

Parallel, convergent, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, circular.