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BMS1011 Anatomy > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What cells in the body can undergo meiosis? Somatic or germ cells?

A

Germ cells.

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2
Q

What is a germ cell?

A

Any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually.

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3
Q

Why are germ cells separated early from the rest of the cells during development?

A

So that they are not affected by signals to differentiate.

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4
Q

What does the epiblast give rise to during gastrulation?

A

The three germs layers; mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm.

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5
Q

What is the difference between germ cells and germ layers?

A

Germ cells are the cells that give rise to gametes of a sexually reproducing organism. Germ layers are the three tissue layers formed during gastrulation.

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6
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the gonads?

A

The intermediate mesoderm.

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7
Q

What tissues are derived from the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Tubule cells of the kidney and the urogenital system, including the gonads.

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8
Q

Are germ cells and gonads derived from the three germ layers?

A

No, the gonads are derived from the intermediate mesoderm, while the germ are separated from the three germ layers early on.

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9
Q

List the following structures in order of development: urogenital crest, kidneys and gonads, intermediate mesoderm.

A

Intermediate mesoderm, urogenital crest, kidneys and gonads.

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10
Q

Do the germ cells have intrinsic gender properties before entering the gonads?

A

No

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11
Q

What is the genital ridge a source of?

A

Male and female gonads

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12
Q

What chromosome in the SRY gene located on?

A

The Y sex chromosome

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13
Q

What sex chromosome combination is present in females?

A

XX

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14
Q

What sex chromosome combination is present in males?

A

XY

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15
Q

What does the Mullerian system drive?

A

Development of female characteristics, such as female anatomy and physiology and female behaviour.

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16
Q

What is anti-Mullarian hormone?

A

A hormone that causes female characteristics to retract in males.

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17
Q

What is the Wolffian system?

A

The male ductal system.

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18
Q

What is caused by switching on the SRY gene in the gonads?

A

Production of the anti-Mullarian hormone and the DHT to cause production of testosterone in the testis.

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19
Q

What is the meaning of “bipotential gonad”?

A

The gonads in the genital ridge have the potential to become male or female depending on the presence of the SRY gene.

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20
Q

What happens to the Mullarian ducts in a female?

A

The become the fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina.

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21
Q

What happens to the Wolffian ducts in the female?

A

They degenerate.

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22
Q

What happens to the Wollfian ducts in the male?

A

They develop into the vas deferens, prostate and the seminal vesicles.

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23
Q

What happens to the Mullarian ducts in the male system?

A

They degenerate due to AMH (anti-Mullarian hormone).

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24
Q

How do the male and female gonads differ in terms of structural organisation during development?

A

The male gonads are highly organised, while the gonads in females are not.

25
Q

What does the genital tubercle become in males and in females?

A

Glans clitoris in the female and glans penis in the male.

26
Q

What does the urethral fold become in the males and female?

A

Labia minora in the female and fold around the urethra in the male.

27
Q

What does the labioscrotal swelling become in the male and in the female?

A

Labia majora in the female and scrotum in the male.

28
Q

What structures outline the perineum (diamond shaped area between the thighs)?

A

Anterior: pubic symphysis.
Posterior: coccyx
Laterally: ischial tuberosities.

29
Q

Why doesn’t the ductus deferens lead sperm directly into the penis?

A

Because the testis developed in the abdomen before descending.

30
Q

List the structures sperm passes following its production?

A

Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ducts, epididymis, ductus deferens

31
Q

What is the function of the epididymus?

A

Sperm mature here (to become motile) and are stored here.

32
Q

What is the optimal testis temperature?

A

34 degrees.

33
Q

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus of testicular veins?

A

Temperature regulation

34
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

Raises the testes for protection.

35
Q

What is the function of the dartos muscle?

A

Temperature regulation.

36
Q

What are three major cell types in the testis?

A

Germ cells, sertoulli cells and leydig cells.

37
Q

What is semen?

A

Mix of seminal fluid and sperm.

38
Q

What is the function of fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles?

A

Secrete sperm energy sources and prostaglandins to dilate the cervix.

39
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete?

A

Citric acid (nourishment), seminal plasmin (antibiotic) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to liquify semen.

40
Q

Why is PSA tested for to test for prostate cancer?

A

PSA should not be present in the blood, but if it is, the prostate structure is disrupted.

41
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands?

A

Secrete viscous mucin to protect the urethra and act as lubricant during sex.

42
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Transport of semen outside.

43
Q

What are the tree primary erectile tissue bodies in the penis?

A

Corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum and prepuce.

44
Q

Where are the oocytes secreted from the fallopian tubes upon ovulation?

A

Peritoneal cavity then enter the fallopian tubes.

45
Q

Which organ in females secretes oestrogen?

A

Ovaries.

46
Q

What is the vulva?

A

Collective term for female external genitalia.

47
Q

Where is the mons pubis located?

A

anterior to the pubic symphysis.

48
Q

What is the vestibule in females?

A

Space for urethral opening and the vaginal orifice.

49
Q

What is the fundus?

A

Body of the uterus.

50
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium.

51
Q

Which layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation?

A

The endometrium.

52
Q

Which layer of the uterus is made of thick layers of smooth muscle?

A

Myometrium.

53
Q

What is an XY female?

A

Someone who is chromosomally male but has external characteristics of a male due to problems with the SRY gene or hormones.

54
Q

What is an XX male?

A

Chromosomally female with fragments of the Y chromosome.

55
Q

If testosterone is produced by receptors for it are defective, will male or female genitalia develop?

A

Female.

56
Q

What is Swyer syndrome?

A

XY chromosome (chromosomally male) with male phenotypes.

57
Q

Is someone with Swyer syndrome able to undergo gestation?

A

Only with donor eggs and hormonal support.

58
Q

Why do people with Swyer syndrome have their ovaries removed?

A

They are underdeveloped (streak ovaries) and increase the likelihood of cancer.

59
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Normal testosterone with defective androgen receptors. XY with female genotype. Have internal testes that may be cancerous.

BMS1011 Anatomy (9 decks)

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