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BMS1011 Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the human GI tract?

A

9-10m

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2
Q

List the three accessory digestive organs.

A

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

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3
Q

List the six processes of the digestive system via which it completes its function.

A

Ingestion, digestion, propulsion, secretion, absorption, elimination.

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4
Q

What is the entry point of the GI tract?

A

Oral cavity.

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5
Q

What are the assisting organs in the oral cavity?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands.

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6
Q

What is distinctive about a rabbit’s digestive system?

A

Large caecum.

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7
Q

Where does mechanical digestion occur?

A

In the oral cavity and in the lumen of the GI tract.

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8
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of water.

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9
Q

What is the anterior of the oral cavity defined by?

A

Teeth

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10
Q

What is the posterior of the oral cavity defined by?

A

Oropharynx.

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11
Q

What is the vestibule in the oral cavity?

A

Space between the labia (lips) and the gingivae (gums).

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12
Q

Is the enamel of the tooth vascularised?

A

No

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13
Q

How many pairs of salivary glands are there in the oral cavity?

A

Three

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14
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

Chemical digestion, elimination of bacteria chemically though lysozymes and mechanically flush out bacteria.

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15
Q

Which of the three types salivary glands is the largest?

A

Parotid gland

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16
Q

How much saliva does the parotid gland produce?

A

25-30%

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17
Q

Which of the three types of salivary glands produces the most saliva?

A

60-70%

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18
Q

Which of the three salivary glands contains lymph nodes?

A

Submandibular.

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19
Q

What is the dorsum of the tongue lined by for protection?

A

Keratinised stratified epithelium.

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20
Q

Does every papilla hold taste buds?

A

No

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21
Q

Why does the posterior of the tongue contain lingual tonsils?

A

To ensure that all food entering the body is exposed to the immune system.

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22
Q

What is the pharynx lined by?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium.

23
Q

What is food referred to as following chewing?

A

Bollus

24
Q

What muscle is present at the superior portion of the oesophagus?

A

Skeletal muscle.

25
Q

What muscle is present on the majority of the oesophagus?

A

Smooth muscle.

26
Q

In which part of the GI tract does peristalsis occur?

A

Oesophagus and small intestine.

27
Q

In which part of the GI tract does segmentation occur?

A

Small intestine.

28
Q

What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?

A

Peristalsis results in uni-directional flow. Segmentation refers to back-and-forth churning .

29
Q

Compare the relative size of the GI tract between a herbivore and a carnivore.

A

Relatively short GI tract (colon, small intestine, caecum) in omnivores.
Long GI tract (large foregut, caecum).

30
Q

What is the tunica mucosa?

A

Innermost layer that performs absorption. Contains villi and microvilli in the small intestine.

31
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

Multiple layers of smooth muscles with high autonomic nervous system innervation.

32
Q

What is the tunica submucosa?

A

layer of connective tissue with blood, lymph vessels, nerves.

33
Q

What is tunica serosa?

A

Outer connective tissue that is continuous with peritoneum.

34
Q

What are the two nerve plexuses in the GI tract?

A

Meissner’s (submucosal) plexus

Auerbach’s (meynteric plexus).

35
Q

What is the function of the Meissner’s (submucosal) plexus?

A

Regulate secretion by the submucosal layer.

36
Q

What is the function of the Auerbach’s (myenteric) plexus?

A

Regulate motility of the smooth muscle.

37
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal and visceral.

38
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A

Layer that lines the inner surface of the wall. It secretes peritoneal fluid and stores fat.

39
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

Tunica serosa.

Layer that lines the organs.

40
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

Two layers of the peritoneum that attaches viscera to the posterior abdominal wall. It contains vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

41
Q

What is the omenta?

A

Double layers of mesentery draped over the abdomen and filled with fat for protection of the organs.

42
Q

How does the omentum prevent the spread of infection?

A

Binds to infected parts of infected organs.

43
Q

What are intraperitoneal organs?

A

Organs suspended into the abdominal cavity via the mesentery.

44
Q

List some intraperitoneal organs.

A

Stomach, transverse colon, small intestine.

45
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

Organs that are held against the posterior wall.

46
Q

What are secondary retroperitoneal organs?

A

Organs that begin as intraperitoneal and then become retroperitoneal.

47
Q

Give an example of secondary retroperitoneal organs?

A

Ascending and descending organs.

48
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Sphincter at the bottom of the stomach that opens and shuts to pass food to the intestine.

49
Q

What are haustra of the large intestine?

A

Pouches that expand and collapse to move chyme.

50
Q

What type of muscle is the internal sphincter made of?

A

Smooth muscle.

51
Q

What type of muscle is the external sphincter made of?

A

Skeletal muscle.

52
Q

List four functions of the liver.

A

Haematopoeisis, detoxification, vitamin storage, metabolism.

53
Q

What is the by-product of liver metabolism?

A

Bile.

54
Q

Where is liver hyper-concentrated?

A

Gull-bladder.

BMS1011 Anatomy (9 decks)

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