Digestive System Flashcards by Nadya Lazareva

How long is the human GI tract?

9-10m

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List the three accessory digestive organs.

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

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List the six processes of the digestive system via which it completes its function.

Ingestion, digestion, propulsion, secretion, absorption, elimination.

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What is the entry point of the GI tract?

Oral cavity.

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What are the assisting organs in the oral cavity?

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands.

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What is distinctive about a rabbit’s digestive system?

Large caecum.

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Where does mechanical digestion occur?

In the oral cavity and in the lumen of the GI tract.

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What is the main function of the large intestine?

Absorption of water.

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What is the anterior of the oral cavity defined by?

Teeth

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What is the posterior of the oral cavity defined by?

Oropharynx.

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What is the vestibule in the oral cavity?

Space between the labia (lips) and the gingivae (gums).

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Is the enamel of the tooth vascularised?

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How many pairs of salivary glands are there in the oral cavity?

Three

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What is the function of saliva?

Chemical digestion, elimination of bacteria chemically though lysozymes and mechanically flush out bacteria.

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Which of the three types salivary glands is the largest?

Parotid gland

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How much saliva does the parotid gland produce?

25-30%

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Which of the three types of salivary glands produces the most saliva?

60-70%

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Which of the three salivary glands contains lymph nodes?

Submandibular.

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What is the dorsum of the tongue lined by for protection?

Keratinised stratified epithelium.

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Does every papilla hold taste buds?

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Why does the posterior of the tongue contain lingual tonsils?

To ensure that all food entering the body is exposed to the immune system.

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What is the pharynx lined by?

Stratified squamous epithelium.

What is food referred to as following chewing?

Bollus

What muscle is present at the superior portion of the oesophagus?

Skeletal muscle.

What muscle is present on the majority of the oesophagus?

Smooth muscle.

In which part of the GI tract does peristalsis occur?

Oesophagus and small intestine.

In which part of the GI tract does segmentation occur?

Small intestine.

What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?

Peristalsis results in uni-directional flow. Segmentation refers to back-and-forth churning .

Compare the relative size of the GI tract between a herbivore and a carnivore.

Relatively short GI tract (colon, small intestine, caecum) in omnivores. Long GI tract (large foregut, caecum).

What is the tunica mucosa?

Innermost layer that performs absorption. Contains villi and microvilli in the small intestine.

What is the tunica externa?

Multiple layers of smooth muscles with high autonomic nervous system innervation.

What is the tunica submucosa?

layer of connective tissue with blood, lymph vessels, nerves.

What is tunica serosa?

Outer connective tissue that is continuous with peritoneum.

What are the two nerve plexuses in the GI tract?

Meissner's (submucosal) plexus | Auerbach's (meynteric plexus).

What is the function of the Meissner's (submucosal) plexus?

Regulate secretion by the submucosal layer.

What is the function of the Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus?

Regulate motility of the smooth muscle.

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

Parietal and visceral.

What is parietal peritoneum?

Layer that lines the inner surface of the wall. It secretes peritoneal fluid and stores fat.

What is the visceral peritoneum?

Tunica serosa. | Layer that lines the organs.

What is the mesentery?

Two layers of the peritoneum that attaches viscera to the posterior abdominal wall. It contains vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

What is the omenta?

Double layers of mesentery draped over the abdomen and filled with fat for protection of the organs.

How does the omentum prevent the spread of infection?

Binds to infected parts of infected organs.

What are intraperitoneal organs?

Organs suspended into the abdominal cavity via the mesentery.

List some intraperitoneal organs.

Stomach, transverse colon, small intestine.

What are retroperitoneal organs?

Organs that are held against the posterior wall.

What are secondary retroperitoneal organs?

Organs that begin as intraperitoneal and then become retroperitoneal.

Give an example of secondary retroperitoneal organs?

Ascending and descending organs.

What is the pyloric sphincter?

Sphincter at the bottom of the stomach that opens and shuts to pass food to the intestine.

What are haustra of the large intestine?

Pouches that expand and collapse to move chyme.

What type of muscle is the internal sphincter made of?

Smooth muscle.

What type of muscle is the external sphincter made of?

Skeletal muscle.

List four functions of the liver.

Haematopoeisis, detoxification, vitamin storage, metabolism.

What is the by-product of liver metabolism?

Bile.

Where is liver hyper-concentrated?

Gull-bladder.