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The Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Who established the psychodynamic approach? When?

A

Freud - 1900s

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2
Q

Who established the behaviourist approach? When?

A

Watson and Skinner - 1913

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3
Q

Who developed the humanistic approach? When?

A

Rogers and Maslow - 1950s

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4
Q

When did the biological approach establish itself?

A

1980s onwards

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5
Q

When was the cognitive approach developed? What else happened at this time?

A

1950s - introduction of the computer

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6
Q

Who pioneered Social Learning Theory? When?

A

Bandura - 1960s

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7
Q

What was psychology referred to as before the 1870s? Who was involved?

A

Experimental philosophy - Locke and Descartes

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8
Q

What study did Watson perform? What Theory was he trying to prove?

A

Little Albert - Classical Conditioning

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9
Q

What is Time Continuity in classical conditioning?

A

The association only occurs if the neutral and unconditioned stimulus are paired together close in time

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10
Q

What is the order that the approaches came about?

A

1) Psychodynamic approach
2) Behaviourist approach
3) Humanistic approach
4) Cognitive approach
5) Social Learning Theory
6) Biological Approach

(Please Be Happy, Cats salivate beautifully)

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11
Q

What is the key word used in classical conditioning?

A

Association

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12
Q

What is the current method of studying psychology which is a bridge between cognitive and biological ideas?

A

Neuroscience

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13
Q

What is the behaviourist approach?

A

Behaviour is seen as a product of the environment - people learn through conditioning

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14
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Breaking down behaviours into their basic elements (e.g. Memory, sensation etc)

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15
Q

What is Psychology?

A

The scientific study of the human mind and behaviour

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16
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning to perform a behaviour based on what consequences they received previously for that behaviour

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17
Q

What is introspection? Who founded it?

A

Where people are asked to reflect on their own cognitive processes and report them - Wundt

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18
Q

What is extinction?

A

When a behaviour is no longer repeated anymore due to lack of reinforcement and so becomes extinct

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19
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning to respond automatically to a stimulus that doesn’t normally cause a reflex response

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20
Q

What does the Psychodynamic approach emphasise?

A

The influence of the unconscious mind and childhood on behaviour

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21
Q

What does the humanistic approach involve?

A

The idea of free will and how we have the choice to determine our own decisions

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22
Q

What does the cognitive approach involve?

A

The study of mental processes (e.g. memory) and attempts to explain behaviour by comparing how computers work.

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23
Q

What does the biological approach include?

A

The study of bodily process (including the brain, genetics and hormones) and how they affect our behaviour.

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24
Q

What do the letters used in the steps of classical conditioning stand for?

A 
UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)
UCR (Unconditioned Response)
NS (Neutral Stimulus)
CS (Control Stimulus)
CR (Control Response)
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25
Q

What did Wundt do and when?

A
  • Published the first book on psychology

- Opened the first psychology lab in Germany (1879)

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26
Q

What did Pavlov’s study include?

A

Classical Conditioning - Dogs and Bells

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27
Q

What are the steps of Classical Conditioning?

A

UCS -> UCR
UCS + NS -> UCR
CS -> CR

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28
Q

What are the 3 key behaviourist assumptions?

A

1) People learn how to behave environmentally
2) Only measurable behaviour should be studied
3) Animals can be used in research

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29
Q

What are the 2 key theories for the behaviourist approach?

A

Classical and Operant Conditioning

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30
Q

Explain Pavlov’s study in the steps of classical conditioning

A

Bell (NS) -> no response
Food (UCS) -> Salivation (UCR)

Bell + Food -> Salivation

Bell (CS) -> Salivation (CR)

31
Q

Who developed the Operant Conditioning Theory?

A

Skinner

32
Q

What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Little Albert experiment?

A

+ Watson proved that we can attach fear to anything and most fears and phobias are learned

  • Ethical Concerns - ‘protection from harm’
  • Poor Population Validity
33
Q

What were the findings of the Bobo Doll experiment?

A
  • Those who witnessed an aggressive role model behaved more aggressively.
  • Same sex role models produced the most aggression.
  • Boys showed more physical aggression.
34
Q

What was the Little Albert experiment?

A
  • Baby Albert presented with potentially dangerous objects (e.g. rats) but shows no signs of fear.
  • Baby Albert is then shown these objects again with the presence of a loud bang.
  • Baby Albert becomes afraid of these objects
35
Q

What was the Bobo Doll Experiment variation by Bandura and Walters? What was their findings?

A

Children witnessed the role model either get rewarded, punished or no consequence for their behaviour after playing with the doll.

Findings:

  • Children that witnessed the model get rewarded showed the highest amounts of aggression.
  • Those who witnessed the model get punished had the lowest.
36
Q

What is the difference between Operant Conditioning and Social Learning Theory (SLT)?

A

OC - Where a person learns through the rewards they themselves receive for their behaviour
SLT - Where a person learns by observing other people receiving rewards for their behaviour

37
Q

What is Stimulus Generalisation? (Classical Conditioning)

A

The NS can vary slightly and the CR will still occur

38
Q

What is stimulus Discrimination? (Classical Conditioning)

A

If a new neutral object differs too much from the original CS, the CR will not generalise/occur

39
Q

What is Social Learning Theory?

A

When we learn through observing and imitating role models - a process called modelling

40
Q

What is Shaping? (Operant Conditioning)

A

When behaviours are learned by reinforcing successively closer behaviours to the desired performance - the behaviour is ‘shaped’

41
Q

What is it called when a learner sees a model rewarded for their behaviour, causing the learner to copy it?

A

Vicarious Reinforcement

42
Q

What is it called when a learner sees a model punished for a behaviour and so avoids it?

A

Vicarious Punishment

43
Q

What factors of a role model can increase the likelihood of a behaviour being imitated?

A
  • The same Gender
  • Similar Age
  • Powerful / High status
  • Friendly / Likeable
44
Q

What experiment did Bandura perform? (SLT)

A

The Bobo doll experiment

45
Q

What did the Skinner box include?

A
  • a rat
  • a lever which triggers the release of a pellet of food
  • lights and speakers which act as cues
  • a floor that can give an electric shock
46
Q

What did the Bobo Doll Experiment include?

A
  • 72 Children (36 male, 36 female)
  • Some witnessed an aggressive role model and others witnessed a non-aggressive role model play with a bobo doll.
  • Some children had same sex role models while others had those of a different sex.
  • The children were then taken to a room with toys but told they couldn’t play with them (to incite a bit of aggression / frustration)
  • Finally, the children were taken into another room with a bobo doll and observed to see weather they imitated the role model’s behaviour.
47
Q

What are the 4 words used in Operant Conditioning? What do they mean?

A

Reinforcement - increases the repetition of behaviour
Punishment - decreases the repetition of behaviour

Positive - Something is given
Negative - Something is removed

48
Q

What are the 4 Mediational processes in Social Learning Theory?

A

1) Attention
2) Retention
3) Reproduction
4) Motivation

49
Q

What are the 3 things that the Psychodynamic Approach believes that behaviour is influenced by?

A

1) The different levels of consciousness (especially unconscious)
2) The 3 parts of the mind (tripartite)
3) Progress through psychosexual stages

50
Q

What are the 3 levels of Consciousness (the Iceberg Analogy)?

A
  • Conscious level (e.g. what are you thinking now?)
  • Preconscious level (e.g. what did you have for dinner last night?)
  • Unconscious level (e.g. biologically based instincts - such as urges for sex and aggression - and stored memories that shape our personality)
51
Q

What is the difference between manifest and latent thoughts and behaviours?

A

Manifest - those that appear on the conscious surface

Latent - those that are hidden/unconscious

52
Q

What are 4 ways we can access our unconscious thoughts?

A
  • Free Association (speaking freely in therapy)
  • Dream analysis
  • Freudian slips (parapraxes)
  • Rorschach Inkblot test
53
Q

What are the 3 parts of the mind (the tripartite personality)? What principles are they based on? When are they present from? What does it do?

A

The Id - the Pleasure Principle - present from birth - seeks to fulfil it’s immediate needs and pleasures

The Ego - the Reality Principle - present from 1-2 years - balances the wishes of the ID and Superego

The Superego - the Morality Principle - present from 4-5 years - forms an ideal self - causes feelings of guilt or pride

54
Q

According to Freud, what is the basis of a healthy personality?

A

Having a dynamic relationship between the 3 parts of the tripartite personality.

55
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Where the ego has to protect itself from anxiety caused by conflicts between the Id and Superego.

56
Q

What are the 3 defence mechanisms we need to know? Define them.

A

Repression - Forcing a distressing memory out of your conscious mind.

Denial - Refusing to acknowledge some aspects of your reality.

Displacement - Transferring feelings from the object of anxiety onto a substitute object.

57
Q

What can excessive use of defence mechanisms result in?

A

The ego becoming increasingly detached from reality which can cause mental disorders.

58
Q

Evaluate defence mechanisms

A

+ It has the ‘intuitive appeal’ - most people can appreciate and relate to denial, repression and displacement.
+ Use of case studies to support their use - e.g. Repression of Dora to deal with sexual abuse as a child
- Very subjective
- Lack of falsifiability - their use can only be inferred, so lack of evidence.

59
Q

What are the 5 Psychosexual stages? What is their focus? What ages do they occur?

What is the way to remember the order of these stages?

A

1) Oral - Mouth - 0-1 years
2) Anal - anus - 1-3 years
3) Phallic - Genitals - 3-6 years
4) Latent - N/A - 7-10 years or until puberty
5) Genital - Genitals - 11+ years or puberty and beyond

Old Age Pensioners Like Guinness

60
Q

Each psychosexual stage has the focus of ____ on a different area of the body.

A

Libido

61
Q

What is fixation?

A

(Fixation) - Unresolved Conflict

Each psychosexual stage has a conflict that the child needs to resolve to lead to healthy development. If they do not then they unconsciously remain in that stage for the rest of their life (Fixation). This does not affect their ability to progress through the rest of the stages. The child will then have personality trains/behaviours in adult life as a result of fixation.

62
Q

Describe the Oral Stage (Psychosexual stages)

  • What is the successful resolution?
  • What are the consequences of fixation and what causes them?
  • What is this known as?
A

Information and pleasure taken from the mouth e.g. breastfeeding, sucking dummies, investigating objects.

Successful resolution:
Has ability to form relationships with others and accept their affection. They enjoy food and drink healthily.

Fixation:
Oral Character - Caused by over indulgence or frustration of oral stimulation:
- thumb sucking, nail biting or smoking when dealing with anxiety or under pressure.
- Compulsive talker, greedy, dependent on others

63
Q

Describe the Anal Stage (Psychosexual stages)

  • What is the successful resolution?
  • What are the consequences of fixation and what causes them?
  • What are these known as?
A

Gains pleasure from withholding/expelling faeces - representing their compliance/disobedience with the environment.

Successful resolution:
Will be able to deal with authority appropriately and maintain a balance between being ordered and tolerating mess.

Fixation:
Anal Retentive Character - caused by early/harsh potty training:
- Stubbornness, perfectionism, being obsessively tidy, punctual and submissive towards authority.

Anal Expulsive Character- caused by overindulgence/late potty training:
- extremely messy, disorganised and rebellious

64
Q

Describe the Phallic Stage (Psychosexual stages)

  • What is the successful resolution?
  • What are the consequences of fixation?
  • What is this known as?
A

Child gains it’s gender identity, moral beliefs and values. 3-way relationship with parents leads to Oedipus Complex and Electra Complex.

Successful resolution:
Identification with same-sex parent and development of superego

Fixation:
Phallic Character
- Reckless, resolute, self-assured, narcissistic, excessively vain and proud.
- Confused about gender identity.

65
Q

Describe the Latent Stage (Psychosexual stages)

A

Not much happens. Sexual instincts and desires repressed into unconscious mind, allowing the child to channel energy into developing new skills, hobbies and play.

People don’t tend to fixate, but if they do they tend to be extremely sexually unfulfilled.

66
Q

Describe the Genital Stage (Psychosexual stages)

  • What is the successful resolution?
  • What is this known as?
  • What are the consequences of fixation?
A

Individual’s sexual and aggressive urges and instincts resurface and become more conscious.

Successful resolution:
Genital Character - Well adjusted, mature adult who is able to love and be loved. Works hard and contributes to society.

Fixation:
- Unsatisfactory relationships or failure to form heterosexual relationships.

67
Q

Describe the Oedipus complex

A

1) Boy develops sexual love for his mother.
2) Boy sees father as a rival for his mother’s attention
3) Boy fears that if is father finds out about his feelings for his mother, he will castrate him (Castration Anxiety).
4) The boy is in a state of conflict and resolves this by internalising and identifying with his father.
5) This leads to development of the superego. The boy substitutes his desire for his mother into desire for other women.

68
Q

Describe the Electra complex

A

1) Girl is aware they have no penis and develop penis envy. She thinks her mother has castrated her.
2) Girl starts to sexually desire her father who has a penis.
3) Girl sees her mother as a sexual rival for him.
4) To resolve this, the girl identifies with her mother so that she can have her father.
5) The superego develops, as does gender identity. She replaces penis envy with desire for a baby - repressing unconscious wishes for her father.

69
Q

Evaluate the psychodynamic approach

A

+ Practical Applications (e.g. therapies like psychoanalysis - Dora)
+ Explanatory Power - had a huge on psychology. Can explain a wide range of phenomena including personality development, abnormal behaviour, moral development and gender.
+ Interactionist approach - supports both nature (Id) and nurture (psychosexual stages) - complex and complete explanation
- Deterministic Idea - Suggests that we have no free will and are therefore not responsible for our behaviour (can be an issue when it comes to criminals).
- Unfalsifiable - unconscious mind is difficult to test as anything not remembered could be argued to be unconscious. Lack of empirical evidence, so unscientific.
- Case study method (e.g. Dora) - self-reporting - subjective - low reliability - retrospective data. Researcher bias. Poor population validity. However, very rich in detail.

70
Q

Describe Freud’s case study - Dora

A

Dora had hysteria. Freud used psychoanalysis - dream interpretation. This brought things that were causing her issues from her unconscious mind to conscious mind. Her symptoms improved.

71
Q

What is retrospective data?

A

Data recalled from past events - not always very reliable

72
Q

What is unfalsifiable?

A

Untestable - can’t be proved wrong

73
Q

What is empirical evidence?

A

Qualitative, experimental evidence - usually gained from lab experiments.

Psychology (17 decks)

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