Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What percentage and type of people in the population does Sz affect? (age, gender, background…)

A
  • 1% population
  • Working class, urban areas
  • Late teens/early 20s/30s
  • Similar male/female rates but more men diagnosed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are the positive and negative symptoms of Sz?

A

+ Hallucinations
+ Delusions
- Avolition
- Speech poverty

others: allogia (jumbled speech)

+ = excess - = defecit behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the name of the 2 ways to classify Sz? What is needed to classify Sz in these ways?

A

ICD 10 and DSM 5

ICD 10 - 1 positive or 2 negative symptoms
DSM 5 - 2 sypmtoms - at least 1 positive - present for at least 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the inter-reliabiltiy rates for ICD and DSM?

A

ICD = 60%
DSM = 81%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 subtypes in the ICD classification?

A

PARANOID - delusions, hallucinations, speech poverty, extreme interest in coincidences - treatment works well.

DISORGANISED - unpredicatable, allogia, absense of emotion, shallow/inappropriate mood, thought distrubance

CATATONIC - catatonic trance (won’t move), hyperactivity, vivid hallucinations, motiveless obedience/disobedience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the symptoms to classify Sz using DSM?

A
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganised speech (allogia)
  • Abnormal psychomotor behaviour (e.g. tardive dyskinesia)
  • Negative symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the factors that affect validity of diagnosis?

A

Comorbidity, Symptoms overlap, Gender bias, Cultural bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is comorbidity? Give some examples to do with Sz. What is the issue with this?

A

When disorders occur together = e.g. 50% depression, 29% PTSD, 23% OCD

Seperate disorders?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give an example of symptoms overlap for Sz. What is the issue with this?

A

Bipolar disorder also has hallucinations, delusions and avolition.

Can lead to misdiagnosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give an example of symptoms overlap for Sz. What is the issue with this?

A

Bipolar disorder also has hallucinations, delusions and avolition.

Can lead to misdiagnosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give an example of cultural bias with diagnosing Sz.

A

Afro-carribeans are 7x more likely to be diagnosied in Britain.

Genuine difference or cultural bias?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 biological explanations for Sz?

A

Genetic theroy, Dopamine hypothesis and Englarged Ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many genetic variations are associated with Sz? What does this mean Sz can be described as?

What are the concordance rates for Sz with MZ and Dz twins and parents?

A

108 - polygenic

MZ twins = 50%
DZ twins = 15%
Parents = 5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Evaluate the genetic theory (2+, 1-)

A

+ Supporting research - Genain Quadruplets - identical, all have Sz but different intensities - abusive father/trauma

+ Practical applications - treatment sooner - prevent illness

  • Socially sensitive - stigma, pressure not to have children, hopelessness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the dopamine hypothesis - what does dopamine affect? What causes + and - symptoms?

A

Dopamine affects Learning, Attention, Memory, Motivation, Movement, Anxiety and Sleep. (Lammmas)

  • Dopamine - excitatory - + symptoms
  • Reduced dopamine in Wernickle’s area and prefrontal cortex = - symptoms
  • Dopamine levels could be affected by genes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Evaluate the dopamine hypothesis (2+, 1-)

A

+ Supporting research - increased dopamine found in post mortems of Sz patients

+ Practical applications - antipsychotics

  • Reductionist - other neurotranmitteres involved?
15
Q

How much larger are ventricles in Sz patients than normal people?
What type of symptom are enlarged ventricles associated with?

A

15% larger

negative symptoms

16
Q

Evaluate Enlarged Ventricles explanation (1+, 1-)

A

+ Supporting research - CAT scans show significantly larger EVs than controls - however only men used so low pop validity - symptoms or cause?

  • Enlarged Ventricles associated with - symptoms only - incomplete explanation - + symptoms? not all Sz sufferers have EVs?
17
Q

What theories are best associated with positive and negative symptoms?

A

Genetic and dopamine -> + symptoms

Enlarged ventricles / brain structure -> - symptoms

18
Q

What are the Psychological explanations for Sz?

A

Family dysfunction and Cognitive explanations

19
Q

Describe the family dysfunction explanation. What is it more of an explantion of?

A

Too much Expressed emotion displayed in family can cause Sz.
- hostility
- emotional overinvolvement
- criticism
more of an explanation of relapse.

Extra: double bind theroy - BERGER - Sz have increased db statements, schizophrenogenic mother

20
Q

Evaluate the family dysfunction explanation for Sz (2+, 2-)

A

+ Supporting research BROWN - high EE families = 58% Sz relapse - low EE = 10%

+ Practical applications - Family therapy

  • Retrospective, subjective data for EE
  • Socially sensitive - guilt
21
Q

Describe the Cognitive explanation for Sz. What are symptoms caused by? + and -? Individual symptoms?

A

Sz caused by disruption to thinking

+ symptoms caused by irrational thinking and - symptoms caused by poor strategies to cope with symptoms.

COGNITIVE DEFICITS - impairments in processing info (e.g. auditory) and deficit attention
- hallucinations, delusions, allogia

COGNITIVE BIASES - selective attention
- delsions and hallucinations

22
Q

What is metarepresentation and central control and how are these affected by Sz?

A

Sz have dysfunction in:
Metarepresentation = insight into own thoughts and actions.
And lack:
Central Control = perceive action to be carried out by themselves.

23
Q

Evaluate Cognitive explanations for Sz (2+, 2-)

A

+ Supporting research - link found between excess dopamine in prefrontal cortex and working memory.

+ Practical applications - CBT

  • Reductionist - Incomplete explanation - what causes cognitive deficits/bias?
  • Cause or effect?
24
Q

Name the 4 treatments for Sz.

A

Chemotherapy - antipsychotics

CBT

Family Therapy

Token Economies

25
Q

Describe how antipsychotics work.

A

They contain dopamine antagonists which block dopamine receptors - decreasing firing of post-synaptic neuron, thus decreasing brain activity and symptoms.

26
Q

What are the 2 types of antipsychotics? What do they treat? Give an example of each (extra).

A

TYPICAL- dopamine only - decreases + symptoms
e.g. Chlorpromazine

ATYPICAL - dopamine and serotonin - decreases + and - symptoms. e.g. Clozapine

27
Q

Evaluate chemotherapy for Sz (2+, 2-)

A

+ Supporting research - 70% improvement (antipsychotics) compared to 25% with placebo

+ Reduces hospitalization - <3% Sz sufferers in hospital - reducing cost and trauma

  • Side effects - e.g. typical = tardive dyskinesia (mouth movement) atypical = fatal blood disorder
  • Revolving door syndrome - people stop taking medication due to side effects - re-admission to hospital (70% within 18 months)
28
Q

What does CBT believe and involve? What are the steps?

A

Maladaptive thinking causes maladaptive behaviour.

Involves:
- Encouraging p’s to trace origin of their symptoms and evaluate their thoughts/beliefs
- offers a range of explanations to reduce anxiety
- Setting behavioural assignments

1) Establish a therapeutic alliance
2) Normalise symptoms
3) Thought catching (cognitive)
4) Reality testing (behavioural)
5) Plan for the future

29
Q

Evaluate CBT (2+, 1-)

A

+ No side effects

+ Supporting research - CBT effective for Sz and benefits still evident after 9 months

  • Difficult to conclude improvements as patients also taking medication.
  • Expensive H: reduces hosptalisation (<3%)
30
Q

Describe Family Intervention Therapy. What is the belief? What are it’s aims? What does it include?

A

Families with high EE have higher relapse rates.

Aims: Improve the quality of communication within the family, increase tolerance and reduce criticism and to decrease guilt and responsibility for causing illness.

1) Education program
2) Analysis of family relationships and functioning
3) Family sessions to address problems (for at least 9 months)
4) Relatives support group

31
Q

Evaluate family therapy for Sz (2+, 2-)

A

+ Supporting research - after 9 months of FT, 50% standard vs 5% FT relapse rates. 2 years later, 75% for standard vs 50% FT relapse rates.

+ No side effects

  • Expensive
  • Socially sensitive
32
Q

Describe Token Economies. What does it believe? What is it based on? What are the 2 parts?

A

Cause of Sz is maladaptive learning. P’s need to unlearn faulty behaviours.

Based on operant conditioning - therapist tries to find what is maintaining / reinforcing behavioural symptoms of Sz and remove it.

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT of target behaviours (adaptive). P’s given tokens (secondary reinforcer) and exchange for reward (primary reinforcer).

EXTINCTION PROCEDURES - certain maladaptive behaviours are ignored - no reinforcement.

33
Q

Evaluate Token Economies for Sz (2+, 2-)

A

+ Supporting research - only 11% of patients on T.E. still required medication compared to 100% of controls

+ Creates a nicer hospital environment - reducing trauma and increasing QOL.

  • Ethical? Rewards should be human rights/ are bad for health.
  • Consistency of staff - hard to train and keep - ineffective treatment
34
Q

Describe the Interactionist approach

A

Acknowledges a range of causes - Bio and psycho

Diathesis (vulnerability) - genes/trauma
Stress (trigger) - anything which triggers diathesis (childhood, drugs, life events)

e.g. Cannabis increases chance of developing Sz x7

Old model: Diathesis = 1 gene, Stress = childhood trauma only

35
Q

Evaluate the interactionist approach (2+, 2-)

A

+ Holistic

+ Practical applications - CBT and antipsychotics - effective - 0% relapse rates for greatest combination of treatments

  • Expensive
  • Aetiology fallacy - treating symptoms rather than cause

Psychology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions