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711 Kinesiology > the ankle and foot > Flashcards

the ankle and foot Flashcards

1
Q

Pliability

A

pliability is allowing the foot to adjust to uneven terrain

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2
Q

rigidity

A

propulsion/toe off

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3
Q

ankle is made up of

A

talocrual (ankle mortise)- tibiofibulotalar joint

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4
Q

foot

A

all tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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5
Q

rear foot (hind foot) is made up of

A

calcaneus and talus

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6
Q

Midfoot is made up of

A

cuneiform, cuboid and navicular

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7
Q

Choparts joint or transverse tarsal joint is made of

A

talonavicular and calcaeocuboid joint

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8
Q

forefoot is made up of

A

metatarsals and
phalnagnes and TMT

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9
Q

lisfranc

A

tarsometatarsals

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10
Q

anterior =

A

toes (dorm as well)

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11
Q

posterior =

A

heel (rear or plantar surface)

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12
Q

distal =

A

toes

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13
Q

dorsal =

A

extensor side

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14
Q

plantar

A

flexor side

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15
Q

purpose of fiublar

A

takes up 10% of wt bearing

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16
Q

tibia takes how many percent of wt bearing

A

90

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17
Q

tibia formes dover over talus for?

A

stability

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18
Q

fibula and tibia makes up the?

A

ankle mortise

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19
Q

what is torsion

A

changes medial lateral axis - makes movement of ankle complex

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20
Q

talus trcholear surface- convex moves ____ to ____ and concave move _____ to ______

A

convex - anterior to posterior
concave - medial to lateral

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21
Q

true or false: if talus has a wider anterior than posterior (df widens the mortise) - you can result in high ankle sprain if forced?

A

true

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22
Q

calcaneous tuberosity is the attachment site for

A

achilles

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23
Q

calcaneus medial tubercle is important for

A

location for tenderness for plantar fasciitis

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24
Q

talar and calcaneal sulci match up to form the

A

sinus tarsi

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25
Q

the main articulation with talus and is convex

A

posterior facet

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26
Q

talar facet of calcaneus is ___

A

concave

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27
Q

3 tarsals articulate with cuboid

A

calcaneus, navicular, and lateral cuneiform

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28
Q

tarsometatarsal joint

A

articulate with two metatarsals (lateral)
- other 3 Mts only articulate with one tarsal (cuneiform)

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29
Q

transverse tarsal joint

A

articulates with calcaneus

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30
Q

pathology of cuboid syndrome

A

lateral foot pain common in runners and dancers

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31
Q

planar joint for cuboid

A

convex

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32
Q

cuneiform in latin is

A

wedge

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33
Q

cuneiform helps form

A

transverse arch of the foot

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34
Q

cuneiform articulate with the navicular in the ____

A

midfoot

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35
Q

the rays is composed of

A

cuneiform
MT’s
phalanges

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36
Q

they rays - all the way down the proximal surface is ____ and distal surface is _____

A

convex
concave

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37
Q

2nd ray is the longest and wedges further proximally making it what

A

most stable and which makes it a good base for the intrinsic muscles

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38
Q

concavity of the plantar Mts allows for

A

weight bearing

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39
Q

which ray is most most mobile

A

first ray

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40
Q

which ray extends deeper and more stable

A

2nd ray

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41
Q

purpose of sesamoid?

A

increase moment arm for flexor hallicis brevis

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42
Q

fundamental - motion of ankle in sagittal plane

A

DF and PF at talocural

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43
Q

fundamental - motion of ankle in frontal plane

A

Inversion and Eversion at subtalar

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44
Q

fundamental - motion of ankle in transverse plane

A

abd/add at tarsal metatarsal

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45
Q

pronation of the ankle happens in what motions

A

dorsiflexion, abduction and eversion

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46
Q

supination of the ankle happens in what motion

A

plantar flexion, adduction, and inversion

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47
Q

proximal of foot is

A

ankle and heel

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48
Q

motions at tibiofibular joints

A

mediolateral translaiton and longitudinal (axial) rotation

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49
Q

fibula moves into external rotation with

A

Dorsiflexion

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50
Q

fibular moves ito internal rotation with

A

plantar flexion

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51
Q

important ligaments of the ankle

A

interosseous ligament, anterior/posterior tibiofibular ligament

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52
Q

which ligaments provide stability for mortise

A

anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligs

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53
Q

ankle ligaments - lateral collateral

A

anterior talofibular
calcaneofibular
posterior talofibular

  • attaches fibula to talus and calcaneus
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54
Q

most commonly injured ligament in lateral collateral of the ankle

A

anteriorior talofibular and next calcaneofibular

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55
Q

general purposes of laterals

A

inversion and eversion limitations and anterior/posterior glides of talus on tib/fib or vice versa

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56
Q

deltoid ligaments

A

tibonavicular ligament
tibiocalcaneal ligament
tibotalar

attaches tibia to navicular, calcaneus and talus

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57
Q

true or false: deltoid ligaments are thicker and stronger than lateral, so requires more force to ruptures

A

true

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58
Q

spring ligament

A

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament - from sustentaculum tali of calcaneus to navicular to help support the medial longitudinal arch

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59
Q

deltoid ligaments will be taut in what motion

A

eversion +
- tibotalar - DF
tibonavicular - PF, abd

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60
Q

lateral collateral ligaments will be taut in what motion

A

inversion +
- ATFL: PF, add
- CFL: DF
-PTFL: DF, abd

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61
Q

Accessory glides can cause tautness for

A

colateral ligament

62
Q

talocrual joint motion

A

DF and PF

63
Q

why is medial lateral axis not exactly medial lateral

A

lateral malleolus is inferior and posterior

64
Q

talocrural arthrokinematics : dorsiflexion

A

anterior posterior glide of talus (post glide will make post ligament taut)

65
Q

talocrural arthrokinematics: plantarflexion

A

posterior roll, anterior glide of Talus (anterior glide will make anterior ligaments taut)

66
Q

during which motion do the anterior and posterior tib/fib ligaments get stretched and why?

A

DF - talus is wider anteriorly

67
Q

from when foot initially contacts ground (heel strike) until toe off is _____ of gait cycle (stance portion)

A

60%

68
Q

true or false: foot is more stable as it adapts to the ground

A

false: less stable as it adapts to the ground

69
Q

what stretches out as pliable foot is loaded?

A

plantar fascia

70
Q

as we push off at 40-60%, what happens to the ankle and why?

A

the ankle supinates to start making foot more rigid

71
Q

what is the purpose of increased PF at 55-60% of gait cycle

A

to create rigid lever for push off

72
Q

swing phase is 40% of cycle - purpose of DF during that cycle

A

to clear the ground before next heel strike

73
Q

subtler joint made of

A

talus and calcaneus

74
Q

subtalar joint arthrokinematics

A

convex/concave (post facet)
- planar (ant/mid facets)

75
Q

purpose of subtalar joint

A

adapt to terrain - most important is aversion

76
Q

subtalar stability is

A

ligaments
mulches
articular surfaces
body weight

77
Q

subtalar ligamentous stability

A

interosseous ligaments
cercical ligament
collaterals

78
Q

subtalar arthrokinematics - in pronation, tibia rotates internally along with hip, creating what force to the knee

A

valgus force

79
Q

transverse tarsal joint also known as

A

chopart or mid tarsal joint

80
Q

chopart joint is made of

A

talonaviucular and calcaneocuboid joint

81
Q

spring ligament helps with

A

sling support to joint - made of fibrocartilage - supports talar head during wt bearing, preventing collapse of medial longitudinal arch

82
Q

talonavicular

A

like ball and socket: convex head, concave posterior navicular

83
Q

calcaneocuboid

A

both convex and concave - interlocking - more stable

84
Q

transverse tarsal arthrokinematics - pronation

A

more flexibility (adapt to terrain)

85
Q

transverse tarsal arthrokinematics - supination

A

more rigidity (stiff lever arm for push off in gait)

86
Q

medial longitudinal arch includes

A

calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform and the 1st 3MTs

87
Q

transverse arch structure includes

A

3 cuneiforms and the cuboid

88
Q

what are the keystones to both arches?

A

MLA - Talonavicular joint
Transverse - middle cuneiform

89
Q

purposes of the arch

A

stability and resiliency - shock absorption and load bearing

90
Q

Stabilization: passive (major stabilizers in quiet standing)

A

plantar fascia, spring ligament, plantar ligaments

91
Q

stabilization: active (major stabilizers during dynamic loading)

A

tip posterior and fibula’s longus

92
Q

the pain passive support for MLA is

A

plantar fascia (aponeurosis)

93
Q

pes Plans consequences

A

mm overuse to help with push off and stability (achilles, fibulas, and posterior tib tendiopathies)

94
Q

pes cavus consequences

A

stress injuries due to poor load absorption (medial tibial sties, stress fx)

95
Q

distal intertarsal joints purpose

A

transfer weight bearing forces into the forefoot and provide arch support to the transverse arch

96
Q

distal intertarsal joints arthrokinematics

A

convex navicular on concave cuneiforms

97
Q

what makes up the lisfranc joint

A

TMTJ’s

98
Q

metatarsals articulate with which tarsals

A

1-3 cuneiforms, 4/5 with cuboid

99
Q

TMTs arhtokinematics

A

convex proximal joints surface and concave distal joint surface

100
Q

which TMT tends to have the most problems

A

1st TMT

101
Q
A
101
Q

dorsiflexion coupled with inversion allows great toe to

A

stabilize the unstable foot

102
Q

AROM measurement for 1st toe flexion and extension

A

flx - 30-40
ext- 65-85

103
Q

AROM measurement for 2nd-5th toe flexion and extension

A

flx- 30-40
ext- 65

104
Q

hallux rigid or limits (OA)

A

pain and less than 55 degrees hyperextension

105
Q

turf toe

A

hyperextension injury (tearing and injury to plantar casuloligamentous complex)

106
Q

hallux valgus/bunion

A

prox phalanx rotates axially (eversion), abductor hallucis moves plantar and becomes flexor, adduct halls, and lateral flex halls brevis overpower abductor in increase lateral deviation

107
Q

treatment for MTP abnormalities

A

shoes with wide toe box, taping off great toe
- surgery wedge osteotomy of 1st MT, pins and sometimes fusion of joint

108
Q

interphalangeal joints arthorkinematics

A

distal concave - proximal convex

109
Q

Compartments of the leg

A

anterior
lateral
posterior

110
Q

Anterior compartment
nerve
motor
intrinsic

A
  • deep fibular nerve
  • motor: tibialis ant. extensor digitorum longs, extensor hallicis long, fibulas terminus
  • intrinsic: extensor digitorum brevis
111
Q

lateral compartment nerve

A

superficial fibular nerve - fibula’s long and brevis

112
Q

posterior compartment
nerve
motor

A
  • nerve: tibial nerve
  • motor: superficial- gastro and coleus and planters
    – deep: flexor digitorum long, flexor hallicis longus, posterior tibialis
113
Q

intrinsics innervation and purpose

A

innvervatoin: tibial nerve except for extensor digitorum brevis (deep fibular nerve)
- purpose is for balance and stability (active in late stance at heel rise)

114
Q

Anterior Compartment: functional actions in gait

A
  • early stance phase
  • entire swing phase
    Opposed by lateral compartment to prevent too much supination (adapt to terrain)
115
Q

early stance phase

A

eccentric to decelerate foot plantar flexion and lowering of medial longitudinal arch

116
Q

entire swing phase

A

concentric to clear foot

117
Q

lateral compartment: functional actions in gait

A

-resist supination (decelerate)
- plantar flex during late stance
- push off : transfers weight medially

118
Q

posterior compartment: function action in gait

A
  • posterior tib
  • foot flat to prior to heel off
  • heel off to toe off
  • FHL and DHL contract to keep toes in contact with ground
119
Q

which muscle supports spring ligament to strengthen medial longitudinal arch in the posterior compartment

A

posterior tibialis

120
Q

foot flat to prior to heel off

A

eccentric deceleration of tibia over talus (DF from forward motion of body) and deceleration of pronation (post tib)

121
Q

heel off to toe off

A

concentric to supinate foot and stabilize then to push off

122
Q

plantar flexors strongest during

A

strongest when stretched

123
Q

why is soleus weaker than gastric?

A

fast twitch fiber

124
Q

Soleus is slow twitch for

A

balance

125
Q

two muscles that support MLA and transverse arches

A

posterior tibialis and fibulas longus - help maintain rigid lever for push off

126
Q

tarsal tunnel syndrome borders

A

medial malleolus, talus, calcaneus, flexor retinaculum

127
Q

tarsal tunnel syndrome pathology

A

tendon hypertrophy or swelling can compress post tibial nerve

128
Q

signs and symptoms of tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

intrinsic weakness, medial ankle pain

129
Q

which nerve is damaged if you have tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

posterior tibialis nerve

130
Q

nerve injury: common fibular

A
  • deep brach
  • superficial branch
131
Q

common fibular: Deep branch injury

A
  • Pes equinus: drop foot
  • lifting hip and knee to clear foot
  • plantar flexion contracture can develop if no intervention
132
Q

common fibular: superficial branch injury

A

Pes equinovarus: supinated/inverted posture due to loss of evertors (fibulas longus and brevis)

133
Q

tibial nerve injury

A

affects intrinsics and posterior extrinsic
- rare
- fixed DF due to loss of plantar flexors
PES CALCANEUS

134
Q

Tibial nerve: if only supinators then evertors dominate

A

Pes Valgus

135
Q

pes calcaneovalgus

A

all posterior muscles

136
Q
A
137
Q
A
138
Q

lower tibial nerve injury

A

blow toes form unopposed extensor pull (loss of lumbricals) —MTP hyperextension with IP flexion (opposite of lumbrical action)

138
Q

chronic ankle instability

A

recurrent ankle sprains that are not treated - 30-40% of people experience more than 1 sprain

139
Q

sequelae of ankle instability

A
  • laxity = OA
  • altered ankle proprioception/receptors further exacerbates instability and risk of repeated injury
140
Q

fractures

A

malleolar
avulsion
fatigue

141
Q

bimalleolar fracture

A

tibia and fibula

142
Q

trimalleolar fracture

A

tibia
fibula
posterior tip of the medial malleolus

143
Q

fatigue fracture

A

march fracture - occurs in MT (4th MT)

144
Q

shin splints

A

perihstreal inflammation where tendon attaches to tibial shaft

145
Q

anterolateral shin splint

A

anterior tib caused by down hill running or hiking

146
Q

medial shin splint

A

posterior tib and soleus caused by flat foot running

147
Q

achilles tendiopathy

A

overused/overtrained - jumping - inflamed and irritated

148
Q

plantar fasciitis

A

pain in heel when walking
- treatment = biomechanics of foot

711 Kinesiology (11 decks)

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