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711 Kinesiology > articular cartilage > Flashcards

articular cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

types of cartilage

A
  • elastic cartilage
  • fibro cartilage
  • hyaline cartilage
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2
Q

what does hyaline cartilage look like and where are they found?

A

-translucent/glossy: found in joints (articular), but also found in walls of respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, nose and bronchi), tips of the ribs

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3
Q

what provides nearly frictionless surface, disperses loads (dissipates to subchondral bone) ?

A

hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

what does fibrocartilage look like and where are they found?

A

white/dense/opaque: more resilient/stronger than hyaline, found in TMJ, sternoclavicular joint disc, intervertebral disc, menisci(knee), labrum (hip and shoulder)

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5
Q

what provides support against compressive forces (less matrix, more collagen than hyaline) ?

A

fibrocartilage

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6
Q

what does elastic cartilage look like and where are they found?

A
  • yellow/glossy: pinna of ear, epiglottis, auditory/eustachian tubes
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7
Q

what provides strength/elasticity, but does not disperse loads or protect form mechanical stress/compression

A

elastic cartilage

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8
Q

what are the structural characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A

cells dispersed throughout ground substance (imbibition of water provides rigidity) - fewer collagen fibers, so more translucent; large chondrocytes (white w/black dots) - more movable - mobile

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9
Q

structural characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

chondrocytes packed in distinct layers between densely layers collagen - heavy collagen content, which makes it more white than hyaline cartilage
- not as movable - ligaments

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10
Q

structural characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

cells dispersed in ground substance, but interwoven with elastic collagen fibers

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11
Q

elastic cartilage has a perichondrium which consist of

A

blood vessels and two layers

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12
Q

two layers of the elastic cartilage within the perichondrium is

A

Inner and outer layer

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13
Q

the main purpose of inner layer of elastic cartilage is to

A

help the formation of chondroblasts for regeneration

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14
Q

the main purpose of outer layer of elastic cartilage is

A

its fibrous and produces collage fibers

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15
Q

similarity of elastic and hyaline cartilage

A

dispersal of chondrocytes within lacunae in the ground substance

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16
Q

differences of elastic and hyaline cartilage

A

perichondrium and high elastin content for elastic

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17
Q

true or false: fibrocartilage is only type 1 collagen?

A

false: type 1 and type 2

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18
Q

fibrocartilage

A

-higher collagen content
- less shock absorption than hyaline
- tough/resilient
-type 1&2
-resists multidirectional forces
- ideal for repeated, low load

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19
Q

its mechanically inferior to hyaline cartilage (less compression, less fluid migration)

A

fibrocartilage

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20
Q

its highly resistant to compression because it has a much higher concentration of tightly braided collagen fibers and much less ground substance than AC (less water to move out of the tissue)

A

fibrocartilage

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21
Q

general structure of articular hyaline cartilage

A
  • no perichondrium
  • 1-7mm thick
  • avascular
  • mostly aneural (no blood supply) no pain but also poor healing
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22
Q

true or false: articular cartilage is thick on the WB surfaces that take the highest loads

A

true

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23
Q

if you don’t have perichondrium for articular hyaline cartilage, you can say that?

A

you have no source of fibroblasts for repair and if it gets significantly damage, it won’t regenerate which leads to osteoarthritis

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24
Q

where does perichondrium exist and where does it not exist?

A

does not exist in AC but does exist in hyaline cartilage (ears, nose, ribs)

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25
Q

what’s within the lacunae that undergoes mitosis to provide new cells for regeneration of tissue?

A

chondrocytes

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26
Q

the importance of articular cartilage nutrtion

A

movement allows transition of new nutrients within the synovial fluid that is essential for cartilage

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27
Q

synovial fluid contains _____ needed by cartilage

A

nutrients

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28
Q

cells (chondrocytes) surrounded by ____

A

synovial fluid

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29
Q

cells ___synovial fluid (and nutrients) when joint is _____

A

1) imbibe (absorb)
2) unloaded

30
Q

cells _____ _____ and metabolites when joint is loaded

A

expel fluid

31
Q

structure of the articular cartilage

A
  • superficial tangential zone
    -middle zone
  • deep zone
  • calcified zone
  • tidemark
32
Q

superficial tangential zone

A

cells are flatter, smaller, and more concentrated and the cells and collagen fibers are arranged parallel to the articular surfaces (transverse orientation).

most permeable(allows the most water movement in/out of the tissue)

33
Q

middle zone

A

chondrocytes (cells) are more rounded; collagen fibers are arranged oblique to the articular surface

34
Q

deep zone

A

chondrocytes are rounded; collagen fibers are vertically oriented and are anchored into the calcified zone (binds cartilage to subchondral bone)

35
Q

calcified zone

A

calcified cartilage that provides a transition from cartilage proper to subcentral bone

36
Q

tidemark

A

diffuse barrier - doesn’t allow nutrients and gases to cross form vascularized bone into the cartilage - reason why nutrition only coms from synovial fluid -

37
Q

why is proteoglycan complex present throughout the ground substance

A

allowing water to collect, creating pressure that provides for the rigidity of the cartilage

38
Q

extracellular matrix

A

fibrillar
inter fibrillar

39
Q

fibrillar (proteins)

A
  • having fibers –fibrous
  • collage
  • elastin
40
Q

inteyrbibrillar (ground substance)

A
  • elements between fibers; provide support to fibers
  • proteoglycans (PG’s)
  • water and dissolved electrolytes(60-85% of wet weight)
41
Q

fibrillar - collagen

A

-70% of dry weight (10-30% of wet weight)
- type 2 collagen most prevalent (maintains shape better than type 1)
- AC 90-95% type 2 collagen
-strength of steel

42
Q

Collagen (fibrillar) continue

A
  • located in ECM
  • little resistance to compression
  • very strong in tension: primary component providing tensile properties
43
Q

fibrillar - elastin

A
  • no triple helix like collagen
  • rubber like elastic fibers
  • uncoils when stretched, then recoils
    -makes up smaller proportion of fibrous components
44
Q

Interfibrillar - proteoglycans

A
  • PG’s (glycoproteins)
    0 number and types of GAG’s attached determines function
45
Q

Interfibrillar - proteoglycans continue

A
  • negatively charged (attracts water)
  • large swelling pressure - occupies larger space and spreads out
  • pushes against collagen - collagen pushes back (enhances rigidity/structure of tissue)
46
Q

fluid first

A

-incompressible and inviscid (no viscosity)
- stress goes first to fluid

47
Q

solid second

A
  • incompressible elastic material
  • stress goes second to solid
  • free fluid leaves cartilage
48
Q

true or false: fluid and solid together can act like a compressible structure

A

true

49
Q

fluid absorbs what

A

the first, rapid onset of force

50
Q

solid absorbs what

A

the longer duration forces

51
Q

AC response to compression

A

more repelling of negative charges, because they are closer together

52
Q

the shortened distance between two negatively charged particles results in

A

more resistance to compression (compression pushes fluid out: GAGs become closer to each other)

53
Q

AC response to tension

A
  • compressive force
  • increase in fluid pressure
  • increase tension in collagen fibers
  • leads to hoop stress
54
Q

what is hoop stress

A

keeps the AC contained during compression

55
Q

AC doesn’t really go through tension, but the compressive forces induce tension in the collagen tissues via _______

A

hoop stress

56
Q

AC response to shear

A

shear occurs with forces parallel to surface

57
Q

slow loading

A

allows fluid to diffuse out of the tissue, allowing the cartilage to deform (compress)

58
Q

rapid loading

A

makes the fluid component very stiff, so there’s no time for fluid movement and thus no time for tissue deformation

59
Q

true or false: due to less tissue deformation, the hoop stresses are weaker under rapid loading

A

true

60
Q

running is an example of what loading

A

rapid loading

61
Q

what is consider slow loading?

A

walking

62
Q

the results of constant, sustained loading characteristics of fluid?

A

no fluid migration, so no hydration of cells
- immobilization ( no fluid migration, so no hydration of cells)

63
Q

when would creep occur during a sustained compressive load?

A

if AC is healthy, it will slowly rebound with release of load

64
Q

permeability of cartilage

A

the ability of fluid to flow in and out of tissue
- higher at articular surface, lower in deeper zones

65
Q

higher modules results in

A

-less deformation
- increase water = modules decrease = more deformation

66
Q

increase water = permeability increases results in

A

increase deformation = less resistance to shear and compression forces

67
Q

GAG’s increases results in ______ stiffness

A

increase

68
Q

true of false: change in collagen content does effect tissue stiffness

A

false: change in collagen content does not effect tissue stiffness

69
Q

IN OA: Loss of GAG results in _____ stiffness = _____ deformation

  • increase _____ permeability
A
  • less stiffness
    -more deformation
  • hydraulic
70
Q

if there was a disruption of the articular carriage matrix - what are you going to lose?

A

loss of GAG’s

71
Q

what happens to the water percent and total water content when there’s a disruption of the articular cartilage?

A

increase of water percentage but a decrease of water total content due to loss of GAG’s

711 Kinesiology (11 decks)

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