- elastic cartilage - fibro cartilage - hyaline cartilage

articular cartilage Flashcards by Toulong Xiong

types of cartilage

elastic cartilage
fibro cartilage
hyaline cartilage

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what does hyaline cartilage look like and where are they found?

-translucent/glossy: found in joints (articular), but also found in walls of respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, nose and bronchi), tips of the ribs

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what provides nearly frictionless surface, disperses loads (dissipates to subchondral bone) ?

hyaline cartilage

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what does fibrocartilage look like and where are they found?

white/dense/opaque: more resilient/stronger than hyaline, found in TMJ, sternoclavicular joint disc, intervertebral disc, menisci(knee), labrum (hip and shoulder)

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what provides support against compressive forces (less matrix, more collagen than hyaline) ?

fibrocartilage

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what does elastic cartilage look like and where are they found?

yellow/glossy: pinna of ear, epiglottis, auditory/eustachian tubes

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what provides strength/elasticity, but does not disperse loads or protect form mechanical stress/compression

elastic cartilage

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what are the structural characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

cells dispersed throughout ground substance (imbibition of water provides rigidity) - fewer collagen fibers, so more translucent; large chondrocytes (white w/black dots) - more movable - mobile

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structural characteristics of fibrocartilage

chondrocytes packed in distinct layers between densely layers collagen - heavy collagen content, which makes it more white than hyaline cartilage
- not as movable - ligaments

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structural characteristics of elastic cartilage

cells dispersed in ground substance, but interwoven with elastic collagen fibers

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elastic cartilage has a perichondrium which consist of

blood vessels and two layers

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two layers of the elastic cartilage within the perichondrium is

Inner and outer layer

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the main purpose of inner layer of elastic cartilage is to

help the formation of chondroblasts for regeneration

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the main purpose of outer layer of elastic cartilage is

its fibrous and produces collage fibers

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similarity of elastic and hyaline cartilage

dispersal of chondrocytes within lacunae in the ground substance

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differences of elastic and hyaline cartilage

perichondrium and high elastin content for elastic

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true or false: fibrocartilage is only type 1 collagen?

false: type 1 and type 2

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fibrocartilage

-higher collagen content
- less shock absorption than hyaline
- tough/resilient
-type 1&2
-resists multidirectional forces
- ideal for repeated, low load

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its mechanically inferior to hyaline cartilage (less compression, less fluid migration)

fibrocartilage

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its highly resistant to compression because it has a much higher concentration of tightly braided collagen fibers and much less ground substance than AC (less water to move out of the tissue)

fibrocartilage

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general structure of articular hyaline cartilage

no perichondrium
1-7mm thick
avascular
mostly aneural (no blood supply) no pain but also poor healing

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true or false: articular cartilage is thick on the WB surfaces that take the highest loads

true

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if you don’t have perichondrium for articular hyaline cartilage, you can say that?

you have no source of fibroblasts for repair and if it gets significantly damage, it won’t regenerate which leads to osteoarthritis

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where does perichondrium exist and where does it not exist?

does not exist in AC but does exist in hyaline cartilage (ears, nose, ribs)

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what's within the lacunae that undergoes mitosis to provide new cells for regeneration of tissue?

chondrocytes

the importance of articular cartilage nutrtion

movement allows transition of new nutrients within the synovial fluid that is essential for cartilage

synovial fluid contains _____ needed by cartilage

nutrients

cells (chondrocytes) surrounded by ____

synovial fluid

cells ___synovial fluid (and nutrients) when joint is _____

1) imbibe (absorb) 2) unloaded

cells _____ _____ and metabolites when joint is loaded

expel fluid

structure of the articular cartilage

- superficial tangential zone -middle zone - deep zone - calcified zone - tidemark

superficial tangential zone

cells are flatter, smaller, and more concentrated and the cells and collagen fibers are arranged parallel to the articular surfaces (transverse orientation). most permeable(allows the most water movement in/out of the tissue)

middle zone

chondrocytes (cells) are more rounded; collagen fibers are arranged oblique to the articular surface

deep zone

chondrocytes are rounded; collagen fibers are vertically oriented and are anchored into the calcified zone (binds cartilage to subchondral bone)

calcified zone

calcified cartilage that provides a transition from cartilage proper to subcentral bone

tidemark

diffuse barrier - doesn't allow nutrients and gases to cross form vascularized bone into the cartilage - reason why nutrition only coms from synovial fluid -

why is proteoglycan complex present throughout the ground substance

allowing water to collect, creating pressure that provides for the rigidity of the cartilage

extracellular matrix

fibrillar inter fibrillar

fibrillar (proteins)

- having fibers --fibrous - collage - elastin

inteyrbibrillar (ground substance)

- elements between fibers; provide support to fibers - proteoglycans (PG's) - water and dissolved electrolytes(60-85% of wet weight)

fibrillar - collagen

-70% of dry weight (10-30% of wet weight) - type 2 collagen most prevalent (maintains shape better than type 1) - AC 90-95% type 2 collagen -strength of steel

Collagen (fibrillar) continue

- located in ECM - little resistance to compression - very strong in tension: primary component providing tensile properties

fibrillar - elastin

- no triple helix like collagen - rubber like elastic fibers - uncoils when stretched, then recoils -makes up smaller proportion of fibrous components

Interfibrillar - proteoglycans

- PG's (glycoproteins) 0 number and types of GAG's attached determines function

Interfibrillar - proteoglycans continue

- negatively charged (attracts water) - large swelling pressure - occupies larger space and spreads out - pushes against collagen - collagen pushes back (enhances rigidity/structure of tissue)

fluid first

-incompressible and inviscid (no viscosity) - stress goes first to fluid

solid second

- incompressible elastic material - stress goes second to solid - free fluid leaves cartilage

true or false: fluid and solid together can act like a compressible structure

true

fluid absorbs what

the first, rapid onset of force

solid absorbs what

the longer duration forces

AC response to compression

more repelling of negative charges, because they are closer together

the shortened distance between two negatively charged particles results in

more resistance to compression (compression pushes fluid out: GAGs become closer to each other)

AC response to tension

- compressive force - increase in fluid pressure - increase tension in collagen fibers - leads to hoop stress

what is hoop stress

keeps the AC contained during compression

AC doesn't really go through tension, but the compressive forces induce tension in the collagen tissues via _______

hoop stress

AC response to shear

shear occurs with forces parallel to surface

slow loading

allows fluid to diffuse out of the tissue, allowing the cartilage to deform (compress)

rapid loading

makes the fluid component very stiff, so there's no time for fluid movement and thus no time for tissue deformation

true or false: due to less tissue deformation, the hoop stresses are weaker under rapid loading

true

running is an example of what loading

rapid loading

what is consider slow loading?

walking

the results of constant, sustained loading characteristics of fluid?

no fluid migration, so no hydration of cells - immobilization ( no fluid migration, so no hydration of cells)

when would creep occur during a sustained compressive load?

if AC is healthy, it will slowly rebound with release of load

permeability of cartilage

the ability of fluid to flow in and out of tissue - higher at articular surface, lower in deeper zones

higher modules results in

-less deformation - increase water = modules decrease = more deformation

increase water = permeability increases results in

increase deformation = less resistance to shear and compression forces

GAG's increases results in ______ stiffness

increase

true of false: change in collagen content does effect tissue stiffness

false: change in collagen content does not effect tissue stiffness

IN OA: Loss of GAG results in _____ stiffness = _____ deformation - increase _____ permeability

- less stiffness -more deformation - hydraulic

if there was a disruption of the articular carriage matrix - what are you going to lose?

loss of GAG's

what happens to the water percent and total water content when there's a disruption of the articular cartilage?

increase of water percentage but a decrease of water total content due to loss of GAG's