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Functional Anatomy > The ankle > Flashcards

The ankle Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the foot

A
  • base of support
  • adapt to uneven surfaces
  • shock absorber
  • propulsion
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2
Q

what the arches of the foot called

A
  • medial arch
  • lateral arch
  • anterior transverse arch
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3
Q

what is the planter vault

A
  • areas supported by three arches
  • contacts the ground at three points
    • head of metatarsal 1
    • head of metatarsal 5
    • calcaneal tuberosity
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4
Q

what is the medial arch

A
  • highest arch
  • no contact with ground
  • extremely flexible
  • 5 bones
    • calcaneus
    • talus
    • navicular
    • medial cuneiform
    • metatarsal 1
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5
Q

what is the lateral arch

A
  • flatter than medial arch
  • in contact with ground
  • more rigid than medial arch
  • 3 bones
    • calcaneus
    • cuboid
    • metatarsal 5
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6
Q

what is the anterior transverse arch

A
  • relatively flat
  • contact ground
  • formed by head of the 5 metatarsals
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7
Q

what are the different ways to stablilise

A
  • shape of bones
    • wedge shaped bones interlock keeping it all together
    • relies on top ‘key’ bone for support
  • connectors
    • metatarsal heads connected by deep transverse ligaments
  • connecting beam
    • plantarfascia (extends from calcaneus to metatarsal head)
      • strong layer of thick fibrous tissue that spans length of foot
  • support from above
    • peroneus longus raises lateral area
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8
Q

what are the four stages of walking

A
  • heel strike
  • stance phase
  • heel off
  • toe off
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9
Q

what is the heel strike

A
  • weight through calcaneus
  • arches are raised
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10
Q

what is the stance phase

A
  • vault is flattened through shock absorption
  • muscles contract to stop further flattening: ‘planter tighteners’
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11
Q

what is heel off

A
  • planter tighteners contract further
  • foot now a rigid lever - caught between two forces
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12
Q

what is toe off

A
  • as big toe extends, plantar fascia tightens, reinforcing medial arch - ‘windlass mechanism’
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13
Q

what movements are possible at the ankle

A
  • dorsiflexion
  • plantarflexion
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • supination
  • pronation
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14
Q

which movements are inversion

A
  • plantarflexion
  • adduction
  • supination
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15
Q

which movements are eversion

A
  • dorsiflexion
  • abduction
  • pronation
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16
Q

what is the hindfoot

A
  • subtalar joint: talus and calcaneus
  • moves in all planes (3)
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17
Q

what is the forefoot

A
  • midtarsal joint: talus nd navicular (talonavicular) / calcaneus and cuboid (calcaneocuboid)
  • moves in all planes (3)
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18
Q

what happens when the foot is on the floor

A
  • tri planar motion
  • weight transfers medially: ‘pronation’
  • weight transfers laterally: ‘supination’
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19
Q

what is the different between inversion/eversion and pronation/supination

A
  • in inversion/eversion, the hindfoot and forefoot moves in the same direction
  • in pronation/supination the hindfoot and forefoot move in opposite directions
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20
Q

what happens during supination of the foot

A
  • hindfoot
    • abducts
    • supinates
    • dorsiflexes
  • forefoot
    • adducts
    • pronates
    • plantarflexes
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21
Q

what happens during pronation of the foot

A
  • hindfoot
    • adducts
    • pronates
    • plantarflexes
  • forefoot
    • abducts
    • supinates
    • dorsiflexes
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22
Q

what are the anterior compartment lower leg muscles

A
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • tibialis anterior
  • fibularis anterior
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23
Q

where does the extensor hallucis longus originate and insert

A
  • it originates in the medial surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg
  • it inserts at the dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe
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24
Q

where does the extensor digitorum longus originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the lateral condyle of tibia, proximal three quarters of fibula, and adjacent interosseus membrane of leg
  • it inserts at the dorsal aspects of bases of both the middle and distal phalanges of the second, third, fourth and little toes
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25
Q

where does the tibialis anterior originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the lateral condyle and proximal half of lateral surface of tibia, adjacent interosseous membrane of leg
  • it inserts at the inferomedial aspect of medial cuneiform bone and base of first metatarsal bone
26
Q

where does the fibularis tertius originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the medial surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg
  • it inserts at the dorsal aspect of base and body of fifth metatarsal bone
27
Q

what are the posterior compartment lower leg muscles

A
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • popliteus
  • soleus
  • lateral head of gastrocnemius
  • medial head of gastrocnemius
  • plantaris
28
Q

where does the tibialis posterior originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the posterior surface of tibia, inferior to soleal line, posterior surface of fibula, and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg
  • it inserts at the tuberosity of navicular bone, plantar aspects of medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform bones, and plantar aspects of bases of second to fourth metatarsal bones
29
Q

where does the flexor hallucis longus originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the distal two thirds of posterior surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg
  • it inserts at the plantar aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe
30
Q

where does the flexor digitorum longus originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the posterior surface of tibia, inferior to soleal line
  • it inserts at the plantar aspects of bases of the distal phalanges of the second, third, fourth and little toes
31
Q

where does the popliteus originate and insert

A
  • it originates in the groove for popliteus muscle
  • it inserts at the posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line
32
Q

where does the soleus originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the head of the fibula, posterior surface of fibula, soleal line and medial border of tibia
  • it inserts at the posterior surface of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon
33
Q

where does the lateral head of gastrocnemius originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the lateral condyle and lateral supracondylar line of femur
  • it inserts at the posterior surface of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon
34
Q

where does the medial head of the gastrocnemius originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the medial condyle and popliteal surface of femur
  • it inserts at the posterior surface of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon
35
Q

where does the plantaris originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the lateral supracondylar line of femur
  • it inserts at the posterior surface of calcaneus
36
Q

what are the lateral compartment lower leg muscles

A
  • fibularis brevis
  • fibularis longus
37
Q

where does the fibularis brevis originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the lateral surface of fibula and adjacent intermuscular septa
  • it inserts at the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone
38
Q

where does the fibularis longus originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the head and lateral surface of fibula, adjacent intermuscular septa
  • it inserts at the plantar surface of medial cuneiform bone and base of first metatarsal bone
39
Q

what are the dorsal intrinsic foot muscles

A
  • extensor digitorum brevis
  • extensor hallucis brevis
  • first dorsal interosseus
  • second dorsal interossoues
  • third dorsal interosseous
  • fourth dorsal interosseous
40
Q

where does the extensor digitorum brevis originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the dorsolateral aspect of calcaneus inferior extensor retinaculum of foot, and talocalcaneal interosseous ligament
  • it inserts at the extensor expansions of second to fourth toes
41
Q

where does the extensor hallucis brevis originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the dorsolateral aspect of calcaneus inferior extensor retinaculum of foot and talocalcaneal interosseous ligament
  • dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
42
Q

where does the first dorsal interosseous originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the lateral aspect of body of first metatarsal bone and medial aspect of body of second metatarsal bone
  • it inserts at the medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of second toe and extensor expansion of second toe
43
Q

where does the second dorsal interosseous originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the lateral aspect of body of second metatarsal bone and medial aspect of body of third metatarsal bone
  • it inserts at the lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of second toe and extensor expansion of second toe
44
Q

where does the third dorsal interosseous originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the lateral aspect of body of third metatarsal bone and medial aspect of body of fourth metatarsal bone
  • it inserts at the lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of third toe and extensor expansion of third toe
45
Q

where does the fourth dorsal interosseous originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the lateral aspect of body of fourth metatarsal bone and medial aspect of body of fourth metatarsal bone
  • it inserts at the lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of fourth toe and extensor expansion of fourth toe
46
Q

what are the plantar intrinsic foot muscles

A
  • abductor hallucis
  • flexor digitorum brevis
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • quadratus plantae
  • first lumbrical
  • second lumbrical
  • third lumbrical
  • fourth lumbrical
  • flexor hallucis brevis
  • flexor digiti minimi
  • oblique head of adductor hallucis
  • transverse head of adductor hallucis
  • first plantar interosseous
  • second plantar interosseous
  • third plantar interosseous
47
Q

where does the abductor hallucis originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the medial process of calcaneal tuberosity, flexor retinaculum of foot and plantar aponeurosis
  • it inserts at the medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
48
Q

where does the flexor digitorum brevis originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis
  • it inserts at the plantar aspects of bodies of middle phalanges of the second, third, fourth and little toes
49
Q

where does the abductor digiti minimi originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the medial and lateral processes of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis
  • it inserts at the lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of little toe
50
Q

where does the quadratus plantae originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the medial aspects of plantar surface of calcaneus
  • it inserts at the tendon of flexor digitorum longus muscle
51
Q

where does the first lumbrical originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the tendon of flexor digitorum longus that travels to the second toe
  • it inserts at the medial aspect of extensor expansion of second toe
52
Q

where does the second lumbrical originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the tendon of flexor digitorum longus that travels to the second and third toes
  • it inserts at the medial aspect of extensor expansion of third toe
53
Q

where does the third lumbrical originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the tendon of flexor digitorum longus that travels to the third and fourth toes
  • it inserts at the medial aspect of extensor expansion of fourth toe
54
Q

where does the fourth lumbrical originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the tendon of flexor digitorum longus that travels to the fourth and little toes
  • it inserts at the medial aspect of extensor expansion of little toe
55
Q

where does the flexor hallucis brevis originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones; tendon of tibialis posterior
  • it inserts at the medial and lateral aspects of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
56
Q

where does flexor digiti minimi originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the plantar aspect of base of fifth metatarsal bone
  • it inserts at the plantar aspect of base of proximal phalanx of little toe
57
Q

where does the oblique head of adductor hallucis originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the plantar aspects of bases of second to fourth metatarsal bones and tendon of fibularis longus muscle
  • it inserts at the lateral aspect of bone of proximal phalanx of great toe
58
Q

where does the transverse head of adductor hallucis originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints and deep transverse metatarsal ligament
  • it inserts at the lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
59
Q

where does the first plantar interosseous originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the medial aspect of base and body of third metatarsal bone
  • it inserts at the medial aspects of base of proximal phalanx of third toe and extensor expansion of third toe
60
Q

where does the second plantar interosseus originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the medial aspects of base and body of fourth metatarsal bone
  • it inserts at the medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of fourth toe and extensor expansion of fourth toe
61
Q

where does the third plantar interosseous originate and insert

A
  • it originates at the medial aspects of base and body of fifth metatarsal bone
  • it inserts at the medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of little toe and extensor expansion of little toe

Functional Anatomy (15 decks)

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