The ankle Flashcards
what are the functions of the foot
- base of support
- adapt to uneven surfaces
- shock absorber
- propulsion
what the arches of the foot called
- medial arch
- lateral arch
- anterior transverse arch
what is the planter vault
- areas supported by three arches
- contacts the ground at three points
- head of metatarsal 1
- head of metatarsal 5
- calcaneal tuberosity
what is the medial arch
- highest arch
- no contact with ground
- extremely flexible
- 5 bones
- calcaneus
- talus
- navicular
- medial cuneiform
- metatarsal 1
what is the lateral arch
- flatter than medial arch
- in contact with ground
- more rigid than medial arch
- 3 bones
- calcaneus
- cuboid
- metatarsal 5
what is the anterior transverse arch
- relatively flat
- contact ground
- formed by head of the 5 metatarsals
what are the different ways to stablilise
- shape of bones
- wedge shaped bones interlock keeping it all together
- relies on top ‘key’ bone for support
- connectors
- metatarsal heads connected by deep transverse ligaments
- connecting beam
- plantarfascia (extends from calcaneus to metatarsal head)
- strong layer of thick fibrous tissue that spans length of foot
- plantarfascia (extends from calcaneus to metatarsal head)
- support from above
- peroneus longus raises lateral area
what are the four stages of walking
- heel strike
- stance phase
- heel off
- toe off
what is the heel strike
- weight through calcaneus
- arches are raised
what is the stance phase
- vault is flattened through shock absorption
- muscles contract to stop further flattening: ‘planter tighteners’
what is heel off
- planter tighteners contract further
- foot now a rigid lever - caught between two forces
what is toe off
- as big toe extends, plantar fascia tightens, reinforcing medial arch - ‘windlass mechanism’
what movements are possible at the ankle
- dorsiflexion
- plantarflexion
- abduction
- adduction
- supination
- pronation
which movements are inversion
- plantarflexion
- adduction
- supination
which movements are eversion
- dorsiflexion
- abduction
- pronation
what is the hindfoot
- subtalar joint: talus and calcaneus
- moves in all planes (3)
what is the forefoot
- midtarsal joint: talus nd navicular (talonavicular) / calcaneus and cuboid (calcaneocuboid)
- moves in all planes (3)
what happens when the foot is on the floor
- tri planar motion
- weight transfers medially: ‘pronation’
- weight transfers laterally: ‘supination’
what is the different between inversion/eversion and pronation/supination
- in inversion/eversion, the hindfoot and forefoot moves in the same direction
- in pronation/supination the hindfoot and forefoot move in opposite directions
what happens during supination of the foot
- hindfoot
- abducts
- supinates
- dorsiflexes
- forefoot
- adducts
- pronates
- plantarflexes
what happens during pronation of the foot
- hindfoot
- adducts
- pronates
- plantarflexes
- forefoot
- abducts
- supinates
- dorsiflexes
what are the anterior compartment lower leg muscles
- extensor hallucis longus
- extensor digitorum longus
- tibialis anterior
- fibularis anterior
where does the extensor hallucis longus originate and insert
- it originates in the medial surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg
- it inserts at the dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe
where does the extensor digitorum longus originate and insert
- it originates at the lateral condyle of tibia, proximal three quarters of fibula, and adjacent interosseus membrane of leg
- it inserts at the dorsal aspects of bases of both the middle and distal phalanges of the second, third, fourth and little toes
where does the tibialis anterior originate and insert
- it originates at the lateral condyle and proximal half of lateral surface of tibia, adjacent interosseous membrane of leg
- it inserts at the inferomedial aspect of medial cuneiform bone and base of first metatarsal bone
where does the fibularis tertius originate and insert
- it originates at the medial surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg
- it inserts at the dorsal aspect of base and body of fifth metatarsal bone
what are the posterior compartment lower leg muscles
- tibialis posterior
- flexor hallucis longus
- flexor digitorum longus
- popliteus
- soleus
- lateral head of gastrocnemius
- medial head of gastrocnemius
- plantaris
where does the tibialis posterior originate and insert
- it originates at the posterior surface of tibia, inferior to soleal line, posterior surface of fibula, and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg
- it inserts at the tuberosity of navicular bone, plantar aspects of medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform bones, and plantar aspects of bases of second to fourth metatarsal bones
where does the flexor hallucis longus originate and insert
- it originates at the distal two thirds of posterior surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg
- it inserts at the plantar aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe
where does the flexor digitorum longus originate and insert
- it originates at the posterior surface of tibia, inferior to soleal line
- it inserts at the plantar aspects of bases of the distal phalanges of the second, third, fourth and little toes
where does the popliteus originate and insert
- it originates in the groove for popliteus muscle
- it inserts at the posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line
where does the soleus originate and insert
- it originates at the head of the fibula, posterior surface of fibula, soleal line and medial border of tibia
- it inserts at the posterior surface of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon
where does the lateral head of gastrocnemius originate and insert
- it originates at the lateral condyle and lateral supracondylar line of femur
- it inserts at the posterior surface of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon
where does the medial head of the gastrocnemius originate and insert
- it originates at the medial condyle and popliteal surface of femur
- it inserts at the posterior surface of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon
where does the plantaris originate and insert
- it originates at the lateral supracondylar line of femur
- it inserts at the posterior surface of calcaneus
what are the lateral compartment lower leg muscles
- fibularis brevis
- fibularis longus
where does the fibularis brevis originate and insert
- it originates at the lateral surface of fibula and adjacent intermuscular septa
- it inserts at the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone
where does the fibularis longus originate and insert
- it originates at the head and lateral surface of fibula, adjacent intermuscular septa
- it inserts at the plantar surface of medial cuneiform bone and base of first metatarsal bone
what are the dorsal intrinsic foot muscles
- extensor digitorum brevis
- extensor hallucis brevis
- first dorsal interosseus
- second dorsal interossoues
- third dorsal interosseous
- fourth dorsal interosseous
where does the extensor digitorum brevis originate and insert
- it originates at the dorsolateral aspect of calcaneus inferior extensor retinaculum of foot, and talocalcaneal interosseous ligament
- it inserts at the extensor expansions of second to fourth toes
where does the extensor hallucis brevis originate and insert
- it originates at the dorsolateral aspect of calcaneus inferior extensor retinaculum of foot and talocalcaneal interosseous ligament
- dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
where does the first dorsal interosseous originate and insert
- it originates at the lateral aspect of body of first metatarsal bone and medial aspect of body of second metatarsal bone
- it inserts at the medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of second toe and extensor expansion of second toe
where does the second dorsal interosseous originate and insert
- it originates at the lateral aspect of body of second metatarsal bone and medial aspect of body of third metatarsal bone
- it inserts at the lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of second toe and extensor expansion of second toe
where does the third dorsal interosseous originate and insert
- it originates at the lateral aspect of body of third metatarsal bone and medial aspect of body of fourth metatarsal bone
- it inserts at the lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of third toe and extensor expansion of third toe
where does the fourth dorsal interosseous originate and insert
- it originates at the lateral aspect of body of fourth metatarsal bone and medial aspect of body of fourth metatarsal bone
- it inserts at the lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of fourth toe and extensor expansion of fourth toe
what are the plantar intrinsic foot muscles
- abductor hallucis
- flexor digitorum brevis
- abductor digiti minimi
- quadratus plantae
- first lumbrical
- second lumbrical
- third lumbrical
- fourth lumbrical
- flexor hallucis brevis
- flexor digiti minimi
- oblique head of adductor hallucis
- transverse head of adductor hallucis
- first plantar interosseous
- second plantar interosseous
- third plantar interosseous
where does the abductor hallucis originate and insert
- it originates at the medial process of calcaneal tuberosity, flexor retinaculum of foot and plantar aponeurosis
- it inserts at the medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
where does the flexor digitorum brevis originate and insert
- it originates at the medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis
- it inserts at the plantar aspects of bodies of middle phalanges of the second, third, fourth and little toes
where does the abductor digiti minimi originate and insert
- it originates at the medial and lateral processes of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis
- it inserts at the lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of little toe
where does the quadratus plantae originate and insert
- it originates at the medial aspects of plantar surface of calcaneus
- it inserts at the tendon of flexor digitorum longus muscle
where does the first lumbrical originate and insert
- it originates at the tendon of flexor digitorum longus that travels to the second toe
- it inserts at the medial aspect of extensor expansion of second toe
where does the second lumbrical originate and insert
- it originates at the tendon of flexor digitorum longus that travels to the second and third toes
- it inserts at the medial aspect of extensor expansion of third toe
where does the third lumbrical originate and insert
- it originates at the tendon of flexor digitorum longus that travels to the third and fourth toes
- it inserts at the medial aspect of extensor expansion of fourth toe
where does the fourth lumbrical originate and insert
- it originates at the tendon of flexor digitorum longus that travels to the fourth and little toes
- it inserts at the medial aspect of extensor expansion of little toe
where does the flexor hallucis brevis originate and insert
- it originates at the plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones; tendon of tibialis posterior
- it inserts at the medial and lateral aspects of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
where does flexor digiti minimi originate and insert
- it originates at the plantar aspect of base of fifth metatarsal bone
- it inserts at the plantar aspect of base of proximal phalanx of little toe
where does the oblique head of adductor hallucis originate and insert
- it originates at the plantar aspects of bases of second to fourth metatarsal bones and tendon of fibularis longus muscle
- it inserts at the lateral aspect of bone of proximal phalanx of great toe
where does the transverse head of adductor hallucis originate and insert
- it originates at the plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints and deep transverse metatarsal ligament
- it inserts at the lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
where does the first plantar interosseous originate and insert
- it originates at the medial aspect of base and body of third metatarsal bone
- it inserts at the medial aspects of base of proximal phalanx of third toe and extensor expansion of third toe
where does the second plantar interosseus originate and insert
- it originates at the medial aspects of base and body of fourth metatarsal bone
- it inserts at the medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of fourth toe and extensor expansion of fourth toe
where does the third plantar interosseous originate and insert
- it originates at the medial aspects of base and body of fifth metatarsal bone
- it inserts at the medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of little toe and extensor expansion of little toe
