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Functional Anatomy > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

what are forces

A

forces are pushes or pulls which enable us to start or stop moving, change direction or maintain balance

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of forces

A
  • vector (magnitude and direction)
  • point of application
  • line of application
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3
Q

what is the force equation

A

force = mass x acceleration

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4
Q

what is a tensile force

A

pulling forces acting on the ends of an internal structure (muscles onto tendons onto bones)

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5
Q

what is a compressive force

A

pushing force acting on the ends of an internal structure (bones onto cartilage onto bones)

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6
Q

what is a free body diagram

A

all the external forces acting on an object represented on a diagram

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7
Q

what are colinear forces

A

same line of action; same or opposite direction

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8
Q

what are resultant forces

A

vector addition of two or more forces

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9
Q

what is the net force?

A

vector addition of all the external forces acting on an object

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10
Q

what are concurrent forces

A
  • act through the same point of application but not on the same line
  • resultant of two or more concurrent forces depends on both magnitude of each force and angle of application
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11
Q

what is newtons first law of motion

A
  • inertia
    • every body is either in a state of rest or in continued motion until external forces are applied to it
    • inertia is the resistance of a body to a change in its motion
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12
Q

what is linear momentum

A
  • objects mass multiplied by its linear velocity
  • momentum = mass x velocity
  • kg.m/s
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13
Q

what are unbalanced forces

A

the object will accelerate in the direction of the net force

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14
Q

what is newtons second law of motion

A
  • external forces cause acceleration
  • force = mass x acceleration
  • if an object accelerates then a net external force must be acting on the object
  • insertion
    • muscle attachement that moves most (smaller mass), generally more distal
  • origin
    • muscle attachment that moves least (greater mass), generally more proximal
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15
Q

what is newtons third law of motion

A

to every action there is an equal yet opposite reaction

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16
Q

what is newtons law of gravity

A
  • the force of gravity acting on an object is termed its ‘weight’
  • all objects attract each other with a gravitational force
  • w=mg (weight = mass x gravity)
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17
Q

what is the centre of gravity

A

the point through which the resultant force of gravity acts on a body and entire weight of body is balance

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18
Q

what is linear motion

A

in a straight line

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19
Q

what is rectilinear motion

A

all points move same distance by same degree

20
Q

what is curvilinear motion

A

all points move same distance but different angle

21
Q

what is angular motion

A
  • things rotating around an axis
  • e.g. cyclists legs
22
Q

what are the ways to collect kinematic data

A
  • inertial system
    • most common
    • attach to body kit
  • electromagnetic system
  • optical system
    • balls attached to body and high speed cameras to monitor movement
23
Q

what is a spatial reference system

A

catches and measures the location of a body in space at some instant in time
- most labs use cartesian coordinate system

24
Q

what are the different 3D coordinates?

A

+Y = up
-Y = down
+X = right
-X = left
+Z = forwards
-Z = backwards

25
Q

what is a scalar quantity

A

can be described by magnitude
e.g. mass, distance, speed and volume

26
Q

what is a vector quantity

A

have both magnitude and a direction
e.g. velocity, force and acceleration

27
Q

what is distance

A
  • scalar quantity
  • length of the path followed by an object in motion - direction of motion not considered
28
Q

what is displacement

A
  • vector quantity
  • the straight line distance in a specific direction from initial position to the final position
29
Q

what is speed

A
  • measures the rate of motion
  • scalar quantity
  • speed = distance / time
30
Q

what is velocity

A
  • measures the rate of motion but in a specific direction
  • vector quantity
  • velocity = displacement / time
31
Q

what is acceleration

A
  • an object is said to accelerate if there is any change in its velocity
  • this includes when an object speeds up, slows down, starts, stops or changes direction
  • acceleration = change in velocity / change in time
  • m/s^2
  • can be positive or negative (deceleration)
32
Q

what is momentum

A

momentum = mass x velocity
momentum will stay constant unless an external force acts upon the object/person

33
Q

what is impulse

A
  • impulse = force x time
  • impulse = impact x time
  • it is the area under the curve
  • represents a NET external force and therefore produces a change in momentum
34
Q

what is centric force

A

external force directed through an objects centre of gravity

35
Q

what is eccentric force

A

an external force not directed through an objects centre of gravity

36
Q

what is a force couple

A

forces that are equal in size but opposite in direction and do not act in the same line

37
Q

what is a torque

A

the rotatory force when the line of action of a force does not pass through the axis of rotation

38
Q

what is the moment arm

A

the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and a parallel line passing through the objects axis of rotation

39
Q

what is the equation for torque

A

torque = force x moment arm

40
Q

what is a human body lever

A
  • a level consists of a rigid bar (bone) that rotates about a fulcrum (joint - axis of rotation)
  • levers also involve ‘effort’ forces (muscles) that act to counteract ‘resistance’ force (weight/external pushes)
  • lever systems are used to generate torques onto the joints and locate our limbs
41
Q

what are the components of lever systems

A
  • the lever arm (bones)
  • the fulcrum or axis of rotation
  • the force of the muscle
  • the resistance of body weight
42
Q

what is the equation for mechanical advantage

A

mechanical advantage = (length of force arm)/(length of resistance arm)

43
Q

what is a first class lever

A
  • axis of rotation is in the middle
  • resistance and muscle force are applied on opposite sides
  • mechanical advantage may be high (>1) or low (<1) depending on the length of the force arm in relation to the resistance arm
44
Q

what is a second class lever

A
  • when the resistance and muscle force are applied on the same side but the muscle force is further away
  • always have a high mechanical advantage (>1) because the force arm is longer than the resistance arm
45
Q

what is a third class lever

A
  • resistance and muscle force are applied on the same side but the muscle force is closer
  • always have a low mechanical advantage (<1) because the force arm is shorter than the resistance arm
  • third class lever systems are designed for speed and range of movement
46
Q

what is static equilibrium

A

both the external forces of an object and external torques, about an axis must sum to zero

Functional Anatomy (15 decks)

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