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Functional Anatomy > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

what is the anterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • prevents hypertension of the vertebral column and reinforces the anterior aspect of the sacrum
  • from cervical down to cervix
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2
Q

where are intervertebral discs located

A

in-between each vertebrae

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3
Q

what is the posterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • back of vertebral body
  • keep spine and discs in place
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4
Q

what are intervertebral discs made out of

A
  • anulus fibrosus (outer structure)
    • keep central part in place (nucleus pulposus)
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5
Q

at what point is disc pressure at its greatest

A

when leaning forward and when sitting down

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6
Q

what is the intervertebral foramen

A

spinal nerves leave spinal cord through intervertebral foramen

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7
Q

what is common spinal pathology

A
  • degeneration
    • flatter
  • herniated disc
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8
Q

what makes up the thoracic cage

A
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • diaphragm
  • internal intercostal muscles
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9
Q

how many ribs are there and where do they attach

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs
    • only first 7 directly attach to sternum
    • 8-10 indirectly attach
    • 11-12 are floating and don’t attach
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10
Q

how does the diaphragm move

A
  • when contracts it moves down
  • when relaxes it moves up
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11
Q

what is the role of the intercostal muscles

A

move ribcage to increase breathing capacity

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12
Q

where does the external oblique originate and insert and what is its action

A
  • origin: external surfaces and inferior borders of fifth to twelfth ribs
  • insertion: anterior superior iliac spine, anterior half of iliac crest, pubic crest, pubic tubercle, linea alba
  • action: flexes, laterally flexes and rotates trunk (opposite side contraction)
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13
Q

where does the internal oblique originate and insert and what is its action

A
  • origin: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament
  • insertion: inferior margins of tenth to twelfth ribs and adjacent costal cartilages, linea alba, pecten pubis
  • action: flexes, laterally flexes and rotates trunk (same side contraction)
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14
Q

where does rectus abdominis originate and insert and what is its action

A
  • origin: pubic crest and symphysis
  • insertion: xiphoid process and costal cartilages of fifth to seventh ribs
  • action: flexes trunk
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15
Q

where does transversus abdominis originate and insert and what is its action

A
  • origin: costal cartilages of seventh to twelfth ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament
  • insertion: linea alba, pubic crest and pecten pubis
  • action: provides support
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16
Q

where does transverse (middle) trapezius originate and insert and what is its action

A
  • origin: external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line of occipital bone, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7 to T12 vertebrae
  • insertion: posterior aspect of lateral one third of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
  • action: elevates, depresses, retracts and upwardly rotates the pectoral girdle
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17
Q

where does ascending (lower) trapezius originate and insert and what is its action

A
  • origin: spinous processes of T5-T12 vertebrae
  • insertion: medial end of spine of scapula
  • action: depresses, retracts and upwardly rotates the pectoral girdle
18
Q

where does latissimus dorsi originate and insert and what is its action

A
  • origin: spinous processes of T7-T12 vertebrae, spinous processes of L1-L5 vertebrae via thoracolumbar fascia, ninth to twelfth ribs, iliac crest
  • insertion: floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
  • action: adducts, medially rotates and extends arm at glenohumeral joint
19
Q

what makes up erector spinae

A
  • spinalis
  • longissimus
  • iliocostalis
20
Q

where does multifidus originate and insert and what is its action

A
  • origin: posterior superior iliac spine, dorsal surface of sacrum, mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, articular processes of C4-C7 vertebrae
  • insertion: spinous processes of lumbar, thoracic and cervical vertebrae
  • action: extends neck and trunk; stablises vertebral column
21
Q

where does quadratus lumborum originate and insert and what is its action

A
  • origin: posterior half of iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
  • insertion: inferior border of twelfth rib, transverse processes of first to fourth lumbar vertebrae
  • action: extends and laterally flexes trunk
22
Q

what are the functions of the spine

A
  • weight bear in upright position
  • act as a shock absorber through the curves and intervertebral discs
  • produce, accumulate and transmit forces through the body
  • be an attachment point for muscles of shoulder and pelvic girdles
  • carry and support thoracic cage
  • protect the spinal cord
23
Q

what are the different spinal regions

A
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral (fused)
  • 4 coccygeal (fused)
24
Q

what are the different types of spinal curvature

A
  • thoracic and sacral curves are convex posteriorly
    • this is called kyphosis
  • cervical and lumbar curves are convex anteriorly
    • this is called lordosis
25
Q

what is the development of curves

A
  • primary curve at birth
  • development of secondary cervical curve as a baby learning to sit
  • development of secondary lumbar curve as a toddler learning to walk
26
Q

what are the names of increased curves

A
  • hyperkyphosis
  • hyperlordosis
27
Q

what is scoliosis

A
  • an abnormal curve in the frontal plane
  • commonly idiopathic and identified in childhood
  • can be secondary to other conditions
28
Q

what are thoracolumbar movements

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • lateral flexion
  • axial rotation
29
Q

what are cervical movements

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • right side flexion
  • left side flexion
  • right rotation
  • left rotation
30
Q

where does movement occur in the spine

A
  • cervical
    • flexion/extension
    • lateral flexion
    • rotation
  • thoracic
    • rotation
    • lateral flexion
    • more limited flexion / extension
  • lumbar
    • flexion/extension
    • lateral flexion
    • more limited rotation
31
Q

what are some basic facts about vertebrae

A
  • spinal cord runs along neural canal
  • bodies separated by intervertebral discs
  • articulations between vertebrae and two zygapophyseal joints
  • transverse and spinous processes provide attachments for muscles
32
Q

where are the vertebral arteries found in the vertebral spine

A
  • from part of blood supply to the brain alongside internal caratoid arteries
  • pass through transverse foramen in transverse processes on either side of cervical spine
33
Q

what is the C1 vertebrae known as and where is it

A
  • the atlas
  • articulates with the base of the skull at the atlantooccipital joint
34
Q

what is the C2 vertebrae known as and where is it

A
  • the axis
  • articulates with the atlas at the atlantoaxial joint
  • odontoid process held in place by transverse ligament
35
Q

what is the spinal cord and nerve roots

A
  • spinal cord passes down neural canal through vertebral foramen
  • nerve roots leave at each spinal level through the gap posterior to intervertebral discs, between pedicles of vertebrae above and below
36
Q

what are the main nerves in the upper limbs

A
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • axillary nerve
  • median nerve
  • radial nerve
  • ulna nerve
37
Q

what is the axillary nerve

A
  • goes close to armpit
  • inferiorly wraps underneath neck of humerus
  • innervates: teres minor, deltoid
  • superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
38
Q

what is the radial nerve

A
  • into posterior compartment of arm
  • teres major, humerus, long head of triceps
  • goes along spiral groove of humerus
  • comes in front of elbow joint
  • goes down lateral side of forearm (radius)
  • cross down to posterior and passes branches into thumb and three fingers
  • inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
  • posterior cutaneous nerve of arm
  • posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm
  • superficial branches
  • innervates: triceps, forearm/wrist extensors
39
Q

what is the musculocutaneous nerve

A
  • comes down anterior part of arm
  • innervates elbow flexors
  • lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
  • biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis
40
Q

what is the median nerve

A
  • medial aspect of anterior arm
  • cross over anterior elbow
  • moves from ulna side to centrally
  • enter wrist through carpal tunnel
  • mainly focusses on hands/fingers
  • wrist flexors/pronators
41
Q

what is the ulnar nerve

A
  • medial aspect of upper arm
  • goes posterior around the elbow (behind medial epicondyle)
  • front of forearm and wrist
  • medial wrist and fingers
  • innervates finger flexors

Functional Anatomy (15 decks)

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