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A-level History > The affluent society - section 1 - 1951 - 1964 > Flashcards

The affluent society - section 1 - 1951 - 1964 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the Conservative Domestic Policies?

A
  • belief of mixed economy
  • support NHS
  • avoid mass unemployment
  • build 300,000 houses per year
  • tripartite schooling system
  • clean air act 1956
  • the homicide act 1957
  • wolfenden commission
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2
Q

What was the tripartite schooling system 1944?

A
  • grammar schools
  • technical schools
  • secondary modern
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3
Q

Who set up the tripartite system?

A

Butler

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4
Q

What was the aim of the clean air act 1956?

A

to prevent smog

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5
Q

What was the homicide act 1957?

A

restricted when the death penalty could be implemented

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6
Q

What was the wolfenden commission?

A

Suggested homosexuality was not a criminal act

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7
Q

What were the reasons for conservative fall from power?

A
  • Concerns over the economy
  • Suez Crisis
  • Rejection of EEC application
  • Night of the long knives
  • Appeared out of date
  • Spy Scandals (profumo affair)
  • Macmillan became seriously ill
  • Strong opposition
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8
Q

What was the night of the long knives?

A

Macmillan radically reshuffled the cabinet, sacking 1/3 of ministers and looking clumsy

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9
Q

When was the night of the long knives?

A

1962

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10
Q

What were the features of the Post War Consensus?

A
  • Broad lines of convergence
  • Mixed economy
  • National unity and co-operation
  • Big government
  • Maintain full employment
  • Work with trade unions
  • Expansion of welfare state
  • Military defense
  • Nuclear Weapon programmes
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11
Q

Who were the two key figures of Bustkellism?

A

Rab Butler (conservative) and Hugh Gaitskell (labour)

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12
Q

When was Harold Macmillan in power?

A

1957 - 1963

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13
Q

What were the four S’s of conservative fall?

A
  • Sums
  • Sacking
  • Sickness
  • Spies
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14
Q

What year was full employment reached?

A

1955

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15
Q

Why did wages rise?

A

From low levels of unemployement

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16
Q

How many more goods were imported than 1951?

A

29%

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17
Q

What was The National Economic Development Council?

A

Long term planning for the economy caused by stop-go economics

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18
Q

What was the job of the national income commission?

A

To watch wages and prices

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19
Q

When was the national incomes commission set up?

A

1962

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20
Q

By what percent did car ownership increase?

A

25%

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21
Q

What were signs of positive economic development?

A
  • Food rationing came to an end
  • Acceleration in population
  • Increased overseas trade
  • Highest income per head globally (apart form USA)
  • Larger consumer demand
  • Increased home ownership
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22
Q

What did the end of food rationing allow?

A

Higher standards of living

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23
Q

What were signs of negative economic development?

A
  • Inflation from wage increase higher than production increase
  • Rising cost of public services
  • ‘stop - go’ economics
  • ‘pay pause’
  • Rejection to EEC
  • Wage inflation
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24
Q

What was the issue with Europe’s rapid economic growth?

A

It was leaving Britain behind

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25
Q

What was the Beecking report?

A

Recommended cuts in rail networks resulting in the closure of 30+

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26
Q

What are the 2 key strategies of stop-go economics?

A
  • Wage control

- Interest control

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27
Q

Describe the cycle of stop-go economics

A

STOP

  • imports exceed exports and balance of payments
  • government controls high interest and wages are frozen
  • demand falls
  • output decreases

GO

  • controls removed
  • increase in demand
  • rising imports
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28
Q

What does high interest and frozen wages do?

A

Encourages saving rather than spending

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29
Q

What is Keynesian economics?

A

Big Government Intervention

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30
Q

What was Run On The Pound?

A

The value of currency dramatically falls making it look very weak

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31
Q

What was the ownership rise of Fridges?

A

58%

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32
Q

What was the ownership rise of washing machines?

A

54%

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33
Q

How many people holidayed to Butlins every week?

A

60,000

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34
Q

What percentage of the population could afford to travel abroad?

A

2%

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35
Q

When was the EEC application rejected?

A

1963

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36
Q

When were the first talks of joining the EEC?

A

1961

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37
Q

Who were the main two figures in Labour Disunity?

A
  • Aneurin (Nye) Bevan (left labour)

- Hugh Gaitskell (right labour)

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38
Q

What did the left-wingers want from the labour party?

A

They wanted it to be socialist

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39
Q

What was the CND?

A

Campaign for nuclear disarmament

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40
Q

Who was Frank Cousins?

A

Leader of the most powerful trade union (TGWU)

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41
Q

What did Gaitskell try to abolish?

A

Clause IV

42
Q

What was Clause IV?

A

Committed the labour party to nationalisation

43
Q

When were prescription charger introduced?

A

1951

44
Q

What does unilateral mean?

A

Without any other country

45
Q

What doe TGWU stand for?

A

Transport and general workers union

46
Q

When was Macmillan’s ‘Never had it so good’ speech?

A

1957

47
Q

What did the 1951 manifesto promise?

A

To build 300,000 houses a year

48
Q

What was the Tripartite system of schools from?

A

Butler Act of 1944

49
Q

What was the Tripartite system?

A
  • Grammar schools
  • Technical schools
  • Secondary modern schools
50
Q

What did the housing and factories act aim to do?

A

Improve living and working conditions

51
Q

What was the festival Britain 1951?

A

Felt on the edge of a new modern world

52
Q

What was the average age of marriage?

A

21

53
Q

What percent of women were married?

A

75%

54
Q

In 1951 how many women went to work?

A

1 in 5

55
Q

What was family allowance?

A

A payment to women to ensure they didn’t need to work

56
Q

What was the welfare state based on?

A

The nuclear family and full male employment.

57
Q

What were the benefits to teenagers of domestic appliance ownership?

A

Teenage girls did not need to stay at home with their mothers all the time as they didn’t have to hand wash and buy perishable food everyday

58
Q

What did boys not need to do after 1960?

A

Participate in national service

59
Q

How many teenagers were discovered in 1959 from a survey?

A

5 million - 10% of the population from the baby boom

60
Q

Who were the teddy boys?

A

Sub-culture of teenagers who listened to rock n’ roll wearing edwardian drapesuits

61
Q

Who were the Rockers?

A

A sub-culture of teenagers who wore leather and rode motor bikes

62
Q

What is national service?

A

Standardised conscription

63
Q

What were two new towns created?

A
  • Harlow

- Kirby

64
Q

What was the rise in mens weekly wages?

A

£8.30 (1951) t0 £15.35 (1961)

65
Q

What year did food rationing end?

A

1954

66
Q

What was the rise of TV ownership between 1957-1959?

A

32%

67
Q

How many TV sets were there in 1960?

A

10 million

68
Q

What did the rise in car ownership cause?

A

Greater demand for roads

69
Q

How many percent of people watched TV in the evenings?

A

50% of the population

70
Q

What was the increase of Car Ownership between 1957-1959?

A

25%

71
Q

When did the first construction of a motorway begin and what was it called?

A

1958 Preston Bypass

72
Q

Between 1957 - 1963 how many miles of roads had been upgraded?

A

1200

73
Q

What were the statistics of the 1951 election?

A
  • 65% working-class labour voters

- 80% middle class conservative voters

74
Q

When did the gradual breakdown of social restrictions begin?

A

Late 1950s

75
Q

What did the Suez crisis expose?

A

Governments lying and manipulation

76
Q

The establishment were less followed, who were they?

A
  • Aristocracy
  • Bishops
  • Politicians
  • Civil servants
  • Diplomats
77
Q

Between 1951 - 1964 what was the conservative government dominated by?

A

Establishment

78
Q

What did the domination fo establishment show?

A

Lack of social mobility

79
Q

Who were the ‘angry young men’?

A

A group of 1950s writers who used the arts to attack the establishment

80
Q

What was the play ‘look back in anger’?

A

A play written by John Osborne in 1956 which was very controversial however was described as ‘the best young play of its decade’

81
Q

What did the arrival of the commonwealth immigration cause?

A

Social change and tension

82
Q

What did the 1953 coronation cause internationally?

A

Enthusiasm for the common ideal

83
Q

How many commonwealth immigrants were there in 1958?

A

210,000

84
Q

What percent of immigrants were male?

A

75%

85
Q

How many Brits left to live abroad?

A

1.32 million

86
Q

Who were the Nottingham Gangs?

A

In August 1958, a group of white youths called themselves the ‘nigger hunters’ to hunt immigrants

87
Q

What were the key foreign policy priorities for Britain?

A
  • Atlantic Alliance
  • Maintain and improve relationships with the USA and Europe
  • Improve trading communities
  • Improve commonwealth to maintain internationally powerful
  • Develop 3rd world countries with the Commonwealth
  • Create a better relationship between Europe and USa
88
Q

What was the 1957 Treaty of Rome?

A

Created the EEC

89
Q

What countries were in the EEC?

A
  • France
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • Benelux
90
Q

What were the Benelux countries?

A
  • Belgium
  • The Netherlands
  • Luxembourg
91
Q

What were the key principles of the EEC?

A
  • Creation of common market
  • Adoption of common agriculture policy
  • Adoption of protectionist policy
92
Q

What were the reasons Britain did not join the EEC?

A
  • Wanted to remain an independent world power
  • Maintain trade links in Australia, Canada and New Zealand as considered them more important
  • Wanted to balance involvement in Europe and ‘special relationship’ with USA
  • Believed they won the war and didn’t need anyone else’s help
93
Q

Who blocked Britain’s application to join the EEC?

A

President de Gaulle

94
Q

Why did President de Gaulle block Britain’s entry in 1963?

A
  • Worried about relations with US
  • Thinks USA will try and control Europe through Britain
  • Doesn’t like relationship with the commonwealth (can’t prioritise Europe)
  • Worried Britain would take control
  • Would bring 6 other countries and outnumber France’s influence
95
Q

What were the positives in relationship with the USA?

A
  • Protection
  • Nuclear weapons
  • Remained united in opposing communism
  • Cuban missile crisis alliance
  • Macmillan had a good relationship with Kennedy
96
Q

What were the negatives of the relationship with USA?

A
  • Burgess and Maclean affair made USA not trust Britain (joined USSR and were working in British secret affairs)
  • USA opposed the Suez Crisis
97
Q

What were is are the 6 steps of the Suez Crisis?

A
  • Egypt wanted to Nationalise the Suez canal
  • USA and Britain form a union to pressure Nasser into changing his mind
  • Britain and France refer the issue to the UN Security Council
  • Britain and France have an invasion plan with Israel
  • UN enter emergency debate
  • USSR interferes and threatens Britain with bombs to get out
98
Q

What was the British Empire?

A

The UK and territories under its control

99
Q

What is the Commonwealth of nations?

A

A voluntary association of independent nations and dependent territories linked by historical ties of the British empire

100
Q

What was the EFTA?

A

European Free Trade Association - to compete with the EEC

A-level History (14 decks)

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