Charles Flashcards
When was the council of Indies established and what was its job?
1524
Made up of letrados to draw up necessary laws and hear appeals
What did increased financial security from the New World allow?
Charles to borrow from European banks
What licenses were given from 1518 onwards?
Licenses to transport African slaves to work in the new world
What were viceroys subject to?
Yearly review
What did Charles want to prioritise in the New World?
Conversion of natives to Catholicism
What did imports of silver and gold lead to?
Inflation
Where were viceroys appointed to in the New World?
Mexico and Peru
Who was Las Casas and what did he do?
A Dominican friar who spoke out against the treatment of the natives and the creation of encomienda
When were the New Laws introduced and what did they do?
1542
Abolished slavery and the granting of new encomiendas
What caused the New Laws?
Pressure from the colonists
What were the indies a new market for?
Castilian products
When were the Potosi silver mines discoverd?
1545
What new products were brought back to Europe?
Chocolate, Pineapple, Rubber
How much of all imported silver and gold were the crown allowed to keep?
1/5
Why did the native population decrease dramatically?
Overwork
New diseases (smallpox)
What did increased wealth lead to?
Increased social mobility
What benefits did the new world provide?
Cultural - art, language, music
How much money did the transportation of silver and gold produce per annum?
324,000
How much money did the transportation of silver and gold produce during Charles’ reign?
11 million
Who did the Spanish want as king instead of Charles?
Ferdinand - his younger brother
When was Charles given the crown with a regent?
1516
When was Charles crowned king completely?
1518 - when he turned 18
Where did Charles grow up?
The Netherlands
When did Charles die?
1558
What was Charles nationality?
- Mothered by Margaret of Austria
- Mother was Spanish (Joanna)
- Father Austrian (Phillip of Hasburg)
Who was Charles’ teacher?
Adrian of Utrecht
Who did Charles marry?
Isabella of Portugal
When did Charles marry Isabella of Portugal?
1526
When did Charles abdicate the throne?
1556
What problems were faced by Charles during his reign?
- Lands linked by ruler only - Castile and Aragon
- Threat of France invading Netherlands
- Spanish didn’t trust foreigners
- Ferdinand (brother) favored by nobles as he grew up in Spain
What were the reasons that the Spanish mistrusted Charles?
- Didn’t look like a King
- Limited knowledge of Spain and language
- He didn’t prioritise Spain
- Took him a long time to arrive in Spain
- Advisors not Spanish - Burgundian
- Sent Spanish money to Burgundian court
- Elected as HRE
When did Charles become HRE?
28th June 1519
Why did Charles ruling lots of different countries anger Spanish nobles?
- Lots of different foreign policy aims
- Caused a question of priorities
- Foreigners caused as a threat
Who were Charles’ Burgundian advisers?
Lord of Chievres
Guilliaume Jaques de Croy
Adrian of Utrecht
What were the reserves of the Castilian Cortes when it came to Charles?
- Juan de Zumei publicly refused Charles as a sovereign - wanted Joanna his mother
- Inclusion of foreigners in meetings (Burgundian councilor as president of cortes
What were the demands of the Castilian Cortes from Charles?
- Removal of president of cortes
- Respect laws and privileges’ of Castille
- Remove foreigners from service
- Speak Castillian/live in Spain
What was Charles granted from the Castilian Cortes?
- Servicio of 600,000 ducats without conditions
What were the Aragonese Cortes reservations of Charles?
- reluctant to recognise Charles as King
- Had more power to resist Charles - had to pass through 3 cortes
- Mother, Juana still alive - she should’ve been on the throne
What were the Aragonese Cortes demands of Charles?
- Removal of president of cortes
- Respect laws and privileges
- Speak Castillian/live in Spain
- Remove foreigners from service
- Remove Burgundian advisers
What was Charles granted by the Aragonese Cortes?
250,000 ducats
What were Charles’ sources of income?
The New World
Castille
Aragon
Church
Trade
What were Charles’ costs?
- Greed of Burgundian followers
- Imperial election
- Debt
- Wars
- Empire
- Upkeep of royal household
- Ceremonial court
- Salaries of new positions
- Spending on Jewels and Art
What were the problems Charles could face when it comes to the economy?
Cortes could say no
Ship could sink from the new world
What was Charles source of income from Castille?
- Little resistance from high taxation
- Alcabala
- Established crowns right to servicio
- Defeat of communeros
- tax burden on lower/middle class
- sale of juros
- loans
What was Charles source of income from Aragon?
- Constitution meant couldn’t raise taxes
- Aragon was not economically strong
What was Charles source of income from the church?
- didn’t have to pay taxes
- pope allowed Charles proportion of all income
- cruzada
- 1/4 of royal income
- Orders of Knights
- Gifts of money
How much money did Charles receive from the Church in 1532?
372,000
How much money did Charles receive from the church in 1551?
500,000
What was Charles source of income from the new world?
- silver mines
- revenue from taxes, customs duties, indian tribute and 1/5 all metals mined
- Vital contribution
How much money was the average income of the new world between 1534-1540?
324,000
What was the effectiveness of the councilor system?
- less nobility
- more qualified people
- keeps states separate
- advise Charles
What was the importance of Charles’ evolution of government?
- adapted rather than completely changed
- created councils of state and war
- number of territorial councils increased
- administrative councils back to earlier reign
- created secretaries
- appointed friends/family as governors/ viceroys
Why did Charles attempt to make a centralised government?
- Represented a central institution for Charles’ empire
- Made of Burgundian, Italian, German composers
- Rarely used
Why did Charles centralised government fail?
Impractical - diverse lands/customs
People liked being unified under one monarch
What did the revolts teach Charles?
He would endanger his position if he ignored the privileges and threatened the autonomy of the different states
Why did Charles prioritise Castille over Aragon?
Castilians contributed a lot to the administration of the monarchy
How was Charles represented in the rest of the empire?
- Each had a separate political, judicial and fiscal (taxes) system
- No part was considered subordinate to another
What was the problems with the system of the running of the HRE?
Charles’ presence/absence had an impact on the effectiveness of his rule
What did Pope Adrian VI grant Charles to do in 1525?
The power to pick every major person to do with the church/ in the ecclesiastical office
When did Pope Adrian VI grant Charles the power to pick his Ecclesiastical office?
1525
Define episcopal
Bishop reforms
When was Juan Pardo de Tavera alive?
1472-1545
What was Juan Pardo de Tavera’s constitution considered?
Exemplary for all other bishops to follow
What were Juan Pardo de Tavera roles?
Archbishop Santiago
Archbishop Toledo
Who was Cardinal Cisneros?
He was responsible for the foundations of the Alcalá University
Commissioned the polygot bible 1522 in 5 different languages
What were 3 aims of Cisneros when setting up the Alcalá University?
- train ecclesiastics to recover their catholic values
- create qualified lawyers and bishops to direct the Catholic Monarchy ;
- Introduce Catholicism culture/make stronger
Who was Erasmus?
- Created the Erasmian movement
- Work was well received in courts/spain
Who/When was Erasmus invited to Spain?
1516 - by Cisneros
Who wrote the Handbook of a Christian Soldier?
Erasmus
What was the Erasmian movement?
- the humanistic belief in an individual’s capacity for self-improvement and the fundamental role of education in raising human beings above the level of brute animals
- remained Catholic with protestant sympathies
What was protestanism?
Adherence to the Christian doctrine regarded as protestant
What was a Heretic?
someones who opinions were contrary to that of Catholicism
What was Illuminism?
members of a 16th century group of heretics who claimed religious enlightenment
What was Alumbrados?
Practitioners of the new from of christianity emerging in Spain during the 15th/16th century
What was a Lutheran?
Followers categorised by the theology of Martin Luther
When was the council of indies established?
1524
What did the council of indies do/who was it made up of?
Letrados to draw up laws and hear appeals
What did the increased financial security from the new world mean?
Charles was able to borrow from European banks
What licenses were given from 1518 onwards?
To transport slaves from Africa to work in the New World
What were viceroys of the new world subject to?
yearly reviews of conduct
What did Charles want to prioritise in the new world?
Conversion of natives to Catholics
What did increased imports of gold and silver from the new world lead to?
Increased inflation
Where were viceroys appointed to in the new world?
Mexico and Peru
Who was Las Casas/what did he do?
A dominican friar who spoke out against the mistreatment of natives and the encomienda system
What did The New Laws 1542 do?
Abolished slavery and granting of new encomiendas.
What was the reason for the rewriting of The New Laws?
Charles was under pressure from colonists
What was the biggest effect on Spain of the new world?
Increased social mobility for conquistadores
What was the indies a new market for?
Castilian products
When were the Potosi silver mines discovered?
1545
What products were brought back from the new world to Europe?
Pineapple
Chocolate
Rubber
How much of all imported silver and gold was the crown allowed to keep?
1/5
Why did the native population decrease dramatically?
- Overwork
- Diseases (small pox) brought over from Europe
What benefits did the new world provide to Spain culturally?
- Art
- Languages
- Music
How many ducats did the transportation of silver and gold produce per annum?
324,000
How much money did Charles make during his reign from silver and gold imports?
11 million ducats
Who travelled as missionaries to the new world?
Dominicans
Franciscan
Other than gold and silver imports, how else did Charles make money from the new world?
Taxing the colonists
Who did inflation have the worst effect on?
Poorest in Spain
How many conversions took place in Mexico?
4 million
Why was the audencia council set up?
Oversee the implementation of the Crowns policies and act as a court of law
What did the effectiveness of secretaries depend on?
Fluidity of the system
Where was the most important group of secretaries?
Castille
Why was Francisco de Cobos the most important secretary?
He dealt with affairs in Castile, Portugal, the New World and Italy from 1530
What was the role of secretaries?
- Preparing council agendas/royal documents
- Decide whether correspondence important enough to reach king
- Issue royal decrees without the cortes
Why were the secretaries resented?
Because of their powers
What was the job of regents?
- Instructions on expectations
- Advised how to deal with ministers and advisers
- Look after Spain whilst Charles was away
Who were Charles’ regents?
Isabella (wife) 1529-1539
Phillip (son) from 1543
How many times did the Aragonese cortes meet?
6
How many time did the Castillian cortes meet?
15 times
What the 2 types of councils in the councillar system?
Administrative
Advisory
What were the different Advisory councils?
Council of state
Council of war
What was the role of the council of state?
1526
Symbol of status
Little political/administrative power
Made of nobility/letrados
What was the role of the council of war?
Make decisions/advise about war and coordinate the army
What were the different Administrative councils?
- Council of finance
- Council of Indies
- Council of supreme and general inquisition
- Royal council of Aragon
- Royal council of Castille
What was the role of the council of indies?
Run american/castillian possessions
Make new laws
What was the role of the Royal council of Aragon?
Administration of justicec
Treasurer was Castillian
What was the role of the Royal council of Castille?
- Court of law
- Acts as supreme court
- Advisory system
When was the Germanian revolt?
1520-1521
When did France attack Navarre and Iberian penisula?
1521
How many french were killed during the french attack on Navarre and the Iberian peninsula?
6,000
When was the Holy league against the Ottomans?
1538
when was the inquisition and edicts against charles?
1522
Where were the Imperial diets 1524 and what did they do?
Nuremberg and Speuer
1524
What was the schmalkdiac league?
Military alliance
Formed 1531
Defence of Lutheranism
What was the double doctrine of justification of faith 1541?
A middle ground
Rejected by papacy and Luther
Who persuaded the ottoman empire to break their truce with the Hapsburg?
France
