Isabella and Ferdinand Flashcards
What was the political conditions of Spain before Ferdinand and Isabella’s reign?
- Lacked political unity
- No uniformity
- No attempt to centralise the government
- Separate Kingdoms
- Castillian monarchy had greatest power
What were the economic conditions of Spain before Ferdinand and Isabella’s reign?
- Boom in sheep farming
- Water shortages
- Infertile soil
- Merchants and professionals were a minority - stayed in coastal towns
- Towns competed with nobeles and churches
What percent of the population were peasantry?
95%
What were the religious conditions of Spain before Ferdinand and Isabella’s reign?
- Affected by churches possession of property of land
- Spanish church needed reforms
When were Isabella and Ferdinand married?
19th October 1469
What were Isabella’s marriage conditions?
- Ferdinand had to respect the customs of Castille
- All appointments and decisions were in accordance with Isabella’s wishes
- Live in Castille
- Support policy for gaining land from the Moors
- All decisions had to have both signatures
When did Isabella grant Ferdinand independent power in Castille?
1475
What were the corregidos?
Crown governers appointed to Castillian towns
What were the Cortes?
The parliament in each of the Kingdoms in Castille and Aragon
What is Cruzada?
Tax or money offering which was earmarked for the Christian crusades against the Muslims
What were Fueros?
Aragonese laws and privileges
What was the hermandades?
A local peace keeping force
What does junta mean?
Council
What were letrados?
Lawyers with 2 academic degrees and 10 years of experience
What were pragmaticas?
Laws which two monarchs had issued without going through the cortes of castille but was still obeyed
What was the audencia?
A court of appeal
What was the establishment of peace and order?
- Pre-eminent monarchy
- Strong position of peace and order
- Respect rights and customs
- Castille is ‘more important’
What was personal presence?
- Method for peace keeping
- Medieval rulers
- Constantly moving
- No fixed court - travelled
How many years did it take Isabella and Ferdinand to visit every part of Castille?
30 years
Who ruled Aragon when Ferdinand wasn’t there?
Viceroys
Where were the hermandades?
Every town with more than 50 people
When were the hermandades in place?
1476-1498
What were the features of the hermandades?
A police force controlled by the crown who tried with severe punishments however only dealt with small disorders
What were the features of corregidos?
- Every town
- Disliked
- Reported affairs back to the crown
- Resented by towns
- Made sure the councils were working properly
What was the income of tax?
2.7 million
How much was spent on foreign ambassadors?
75 million
How much did the Granada war cost?
80 million per year
What was the main cause of past civil wars?
Nobles
How did Isabella and Ferdinand bring the nobles to heal?
- Troublesome arrested
- Castles burnt
- Property taken away
- Forbade private wars
- Created opportunities for service in foreign wars
- Forbidden to build new castles
Which cities were taken to protect the southern coast?
Cadiz and Cartagena
What land did the nobles regain?
All land lost since 1464
What was Alcabala?
A royal tax of 10%
What was Mayorazgo?
Forbade division of land when inherited
What were the 3 orders of chivalry?
Santiago, Calatrava, Alcantara
What are the 5 parts of the royal council of castille rules?
- Foreign policy
- Justice
- Finance
- The Hermandades
- Getrados
What was the supreme inquisition?
Discovering people’s religion
When was the supreme inquisition set up?
1483
What was the council of orders?
Controlled military orders
When was the council of orders set up?
1489
What was the council of indies set up to do?
Oversee the exhibition and running of the New World
When was the council of indies set up?
1509
When was the first permanent court established?
1489
Where was the first permanent court established?
Valladolid
Where were there other permanent law courts set up?
- Granada
- Santiago de Compostella
- Seville
Where did appeals go?
Court of Castille
Polygot Bible
Catholic bible printed in different languages
During the war of succession, when did Isabella and Ferdinand intercept ships that were in North Africa?
1476, 77, 78
What was crusada?
Tax to fund crusades
What is Tithe?
Church Tax
What is Papal Bull?
A message from the Pope
What did the Ecclesiastical Council in Seville do in 1478?
Increased royal control over church structures and personel
When was the war of succession?
1479
When were Ferdinand and Isabella granted control over churches in Granada?
1494
Who granted Isabella and Ferdinand control over churches in Granada?
Pope Innocent VIII
When was the crown granted monopoly for missionary activity in the new world?
1493
When was the Polygot bible commisioned?
1494
When were bishops told to remain in their region to over see reform?
1494
What does Diocese mean?
Region
What did papal bull give the crown the right to do in 1501?
Collect Tithes
When were churches expected to employ lay judges?
1502
When did Isabella die?
1504
What were the benefits of the Jewish population?
- Worked as farmers and tradesmen
- Many in needed jobs (doctors and finances)
- Ferdinand had a Jewish doctor
What were Conversos?
People who had converted to Christianity from Judaism
What were the problems with converos?
- Not true Christians
- Suspicious
- May believe in other practices/beliefs
- May privately practice
What religious order was Tomas Torquemada under?
Dominican Catholicism
When was slavery banned in the New World?
1500
Why did Isabella agree to an inquisition?
Isabella wasn’t sure the conversos were true Christians and wanted to unite Spain under the Catholic faith
Which people were targeted during the inquisition and why?
Jew and conversos were targeted as they believed they threatened the stability of the country
What methods were used during the inquisition?
Suspected Jews were fined, arrested, confiscated property and burned at the stake when found guilty
They were tried in secret
What was the supposed purpose of their chosen method during the supreme inquisition?
To show fake conversos what would happen if they didn’t properly convert
What were the effects of the inquisition?
- Expulsion of Jews
- Properly converted people
- Gain of power
- Deaths
- More cases of Judaism
What were the policies for Jews before expulsion?
Weren’t allowed to be part of a town council or the army however Isabella said ‘All the Jews in my realms are mine and under my care and protection’
How many Jews were executed?
5000
What were the policies for Moors after expulsion?
After the Granada war and removal of Islamic leader Isabella was very tolerant
Reasons Isabella wanted to expell the Moors
- Listened to Cisneros
- Fear would ally with enemies
- Wanted to spread catholisism across spain
what were Isabella and Ferdinands foreign policy aims?
- challenge Islamic rulers in Granada
- protect possessions in the mediterranean
- challenge France in Navarre
- protect siciliy and sardinia
- improve relations with france
why was the relation with france so important?
- main political and military power
- allied with castille however opposed by aragon
- shared a border
What were the change in foreign policy aims after their marriage?
- ferdinand took control
- isabellas aims were of most importance
- conquest in granada
what were the foreign policy aims/achievements in portugal?
- wanted ownership of the canary islands
- Treaty of alcoçavas gave them canary islands
- they invaded spain during the war of succession
- marraige alliances between I and Fs oldest daughter and prince alfonso who then married Emmanuel I when he died and when their daughter died their second oldest daughter Maria married Emmanuel
what were the foreign policy aims/achievements in navarre?
- between france and spain
- would give france a base to invade
- Ferdinand invaded and they surrendered in 1512
What were the foreign policy aims/achievements in naples?
- 2 kingdoms belonged to Ferdinands family (sicily and sardinia)
- invaded by france in 1494
- spain tried to regain but had to retreat
- 1503 made 2 major victories
- 1504 regained power
What were the foreign policy aims/achievements in the mediterranean?
- protect spanish possessions
- considered a crusade
- hated turks because of religion
- concerned over turks expansion
- rhodes taken by turks
- 1501 helped venice to regain castle of st george
What were the foreign policy aims/achievements in north africa?
- wanted ivory gold and slaves - owned by portugal - during war of succession intercepted ships in 1476,77,78
- took several cities on the coast - oran bougjie and tripoli
- owned algiers a vassal city and they owed allegiance to spain
what were crisobals demands?
- 1/10 of everything brought back
- 1/8 of shares from all expeditions to new world
- choose judges for disputes
what was the leadership in the new world?
- used encomienda system
- trading centre set up in seville 1503
- orders from the monarchs were often ignored
- council of indies to see overseas governing however nothing could be ensured as it was so far away
what was the encomienda system?
Encomiendas were given in exchange for labour work. The Spanish leaders would in return educate the workers of things such as the christian faith. However the system became corrupt and the natives were not treated like humans as the leaders were more interested in aquiring personal wealth. This upset certain denominations of the chrisitan church (françiscos and dominians) as they believed the real purpose of the voyage had been forgotten?
what were the loopholes used to exploit settelers?
The spanish were told by Isabella and Ferdinand after they banned slavery in 1500 that they could exploit them if they attacked a leader or practiced forbidden things such as cannibalism. Since Isabella and Ferdinand were so far away it was impossible to tell whether the accusations were correct or not.
why was the expedition to the new world unsuccessful?
- long dangerous voyages meant there was no rush of new people
- no treasures were found until 1509
- unclear lines of communication
- difficult living conditions for settlers
- ranked as least of ferdinand’s achievements
why were the aragonese not allowed to emigrate?
Isabella wanted Castilian customs and traditions
What was the treaty of Alcoçavas?
Gave Spain ownership of the canary islands
What was the Marriage alliance between Spain and Portugal?
Alfonso of Spain married eldest daughter Isabella
When Alfonso died Isabella married Emmanuel I
When Isabella died Emmanuel married second eldest daughter Maria
What towns were taken by Spain in North Africa?
Oran
Bougjie
Tripoli
What Vassal city owned allegiance to Spain?
Algiers
Which denominations of Christianity were upset with the use of the encomienda system in the New World?
Françicos
Dominian
Why was the council of indies not successful?
It was too far away to actually monitor the actions in the New World
When was the Trading centre in Seville set up?
1503
Why was the encomienda system corrupt?
- More interested in acquiring personal wealth than treating the natives right
When were the first treasures found in the New World?
1509
Who persuaded Isabella to expel the Moors?
Cisneros
When did Spain help Venice to regain the Castle of St George?
1501
