Thalamus II Motor to Cognitive- Burke

Question 1

Auditory system entails several parallel pathways and information for each ear reaches both sides of the system even at the level of the brainstem

Answer 1

???

Question 2

Medial geniculate

Answer 2

a SPECIFIC thalamic nucleus (driven by auditory input coming from the outside) that is the stop before the cortex

Question 3

What are the

Answer 3

???

Question 4

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 4

• sends axons via optic radiations
• projections from the retinal nucleus striated pathway
• within the nucleus we have 6 layers

magnocellular are big are for motion and spatial analysis (layer 1 and 2)

parvocellular are small and for form and color (layers 3-6) ????

Question 5

layer 1 is contralateral layers 2, 3, 5 are ipsilateral

Answer 5

????

Question 6

????

Answer 6

• Magnocellular will have large center surround receptive fields
• Parvocellular will have smaller receptive field for sharper

Koniocellular project to layers 2,3 of the primary visual cell cortex; have the smallest cell bodies; have strong color sensitivity

Question 7

When Auditory becomes Visual, a thalamic role in cross-modal plasticity?

Answer 7

LGN will receive projections from the retinal ganglion cells from the optic nerve. This will drive the LGN (outside stimulus) and repel other projections from coming in.

Question 8

What happens with someone congenitally blind or deaf?

Answer 8

Auditory becomes Visual, a thalamic role in cross-modal plasticity

cross-modal plasticity in specific auditory cortices underlies visual compensation in the deaf

You see with the visual cortex not your eyes. You hear with your brain not your ears.

blind person has really high contrast

Question 9

Where are modulatry goals?

Answer 9

layers 6

Question 10

Pulvinar plays an important role in the higher processing of the cortex???

Answer 10

???

Question 11

Motor Nuclei VL, VA, VI

Answer 11

-Basal Ganglia
-Cerebellum
Modulation and coordination of movement
Initiation and planning of movement
Coordination of movement
Cognitive function?

Question 12

Basal Ganglia circuitry???

Answer 12

-gives GABAergic output to the thalamus

Question 13

What are the four loops that go through the basal ganglia?

Answer 13

• motor loop
• limbic loop
• cognitive loop
• oculomotor loop

Question 14

Subthalamic nucleus

Answer 14

is the only part of the midbrain that is purely glutamatergic (Excitatory)

Question 15

???

Answer 15

super important for midline cognitive functions???

Question 16

Anterior Nuclear Group Lateral Dorsal (LD)

Answer 16

have reciprocal connections with mammillary bodies and cingulate gyrus

Question 17

hippocampus

Answer 17

is spatial navigation knowing where you are in the environment

Question 18

Drivers vs. Modulatories

Answer 18

1st order thalamic relay: direct senory information driving into it

driven by layer 6?????

Question 19

Pulvinar ???

Answer 19

is not a homogeneous region has its own architecture and subdivisions

has reciprocal connections with frontal orbital cortex

Question 20

Pulvinar-LP Complex

Answer 20

plays a role in being able to pay attnetion

Question 21

Autism all have r

Answer 21

????

Question 22

intralaminar nuclei looks like a Y

Answer 22

?????

Question 23

Reminder of acoustic pathway:

Answer 23

Inputs for hearing and vestibular sense (CN VIII) reach the cochlear and vestibular nuclei, respectively. After entering the brainstem, the hearing pathways decussate at multiple levels. Auditory information ascends in the lateral lemniscus to reach the inferior colliculus. From there, fibers ascend via the brachium of the inferior colliculi to the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus, located just lateral to the superior colliculi of the midbrain. Information then continues in the auditory radiations to the primary auditory cortex.

Question 24

Auditory system entails several parallel pathways and information for each ear reaches both sides of the system even at the level of the brainstem.

Answer 24

??

Question 25

What is the function of the medial superior olive (MSO)?

Answer 25

computes the location of sound by interaural time differences

Question 26

What is the function of the lateral superior olive (LSO) and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB)?

Answer 26

computes position of a sound source through interaural intensity differences

Question 27

List aspects of the lateral lemniscus.

Answer 27

- contralateral side responds to sound arriving at one ear only- monaural - signal onset of sound regardless of intensity or frequency - process aspects of sound such as duration

Question 28

What is the function of the medial geniculate?

Answer 28

the obligatory relay for all ascending auditory information destined for the cortex

Question 29

What is the major thalamocortical relay?

Answer 29

the ventral division

Question 30

What is the midbrain auditory center?

Answer 30

inferior colliculus

Question 31

What is the function of inferior colliculus?

Answer 31

- receives ascending auditory pathways via the olivary and lemniscal complexes and others that arise directly from the cochlear nucleus - process sounds with complex temporal patterns

Question 32

What are the division of the medial geniculate?

Answer 32

ventral, medial, and dorsal divisions

Question 33

What is the first station in the auditory pathway where pronounced selectivity for combination of frequencies are found?

Answer 33

medial geniculate

Question 34

Describe the input into the medial geniculate.

Answer 34

most input arises from inferior colliculus but some bypass the internal capsule

Question 35

The lateral geniculate nucleus is composed of six layers, numbered from ventral to dorsal. What is the ventral and dorsal pathway?

Answer 35

ventral pathway: parvocellular dorsal pathway: magnocellular

Question 36

What kind of input and output do the parvocellular layers have?

Answer 36

INPUTS from retinal ganglion midget cells and send OUTPUTS to visual cortex layer 4Cbeta.

Question 37

What kind of input and output do the magnocellular layers have?

Answer 37

INPUTS from retinal ganglion parasol cells and send OUTPUTS to visual cortex layer 4Calpha.

Question 38

The lateral geniculate nucleus sends axons to the cortex via what?

Answer 38

optic radiation of the internal capsule -this is known as retinogeniculostriate pathway

Question 39

What layers and functions are associated with magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular pathway?

Answer 39

magnocelular: in layers 1 and 2; motion and spatial analysis parvocellular: in layers 3-6; detailed form and color Koniocellular project to layers 2 and 3 of the primary visual cell cortex; have the smallest cell bodies; have strong color sensitivity (stronger than parvocellular) lateral geniculate nucleus is a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway.

Question 40

Compare the receptive fields and response to stimuli of magnocellular and parvocellular.

Answer 40

Magnocellular: larger receptive fields; respond transiently to the presentation of stimuli Parvocellular: small receptive fields; respond to sustained fashion, transmit information about color

Question 41

Auditory projections from the brainstem are going to go to the MGN and will give off chemorepulsive signals to other neurons . Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is driven by the visual system and will receive retinal ganglion cells. What occurs in blindness and deafness?

Answer 41

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