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Chika- SF2 > Cerebral Cortex: Gondre-Lewis > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex: Gondre-Lewis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

A
  • external gray matter of the telencephalon
  • organized into layers
  • Necessary for higher cortical function.
  • Highest level of processing of information entering the brain
  • Serial processing between different parts of the cortex. (Primary, Secondary, etc.)
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2
Q

90% of the cerebral cortex is what?

A

Neocortex with 6 layers
-has gray matter which is the cortical matter
grouped neuronal cell bodies bunched together
-has basal ganglia/basal nuclei

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3
Q

What is the most primitive layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

Archicortex “ancient”which has 3 layers and includes:

  • dentate
  • hippocampal gyri
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4
Q

Describe the paleocortex “old” philogenetic catergory of the cerebral cortex.

A

has 3-5 layers and includes:

  • rostral insular cortex
  • uncus
  • anterior perforated substance
  • primary olfactory cortex
  • entorhinal cortex

occupies very little space

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5
Q

What is the gray matter of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Cerebral Cortex

Basal Nuclei

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6
Q

What is the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Projection Fibers
Commissural Fibers
Association Fibers – short and long

  • Corpus callosum: a commissural axon
  • Internal capsule: projection fibers that pierce through the basal nuclei
  • Anterior commissure
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7
Q

Going micro to macro

Cerebral Cortex –neuronal circuitry

A

Cerebral cortex has neurons and glia.

NEURONS:
projection neurons
-other areas of cortex (ipsilateral, contralateral, or lateral)
-subcortical areas

interneurons (local circuit neurons) are 
GABAnergic neurons (inhibitory)

GLIA:

  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Astrocytes
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8
Q

Relationship of GABA-ergic neurons with pyramidal neurons

A
  • gabaergic control of pyramidal cells
  • Pyramidal neurons can be excited and inhibited by the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, respectively.

GABA is the chief inhibitory NT

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9
Q

Dendritic arbors and spines

A

A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron’s dendrite that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse. Dendritic spines serve as a storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron’s cell body

-with intellectual disabilities you have decreased or fewer dendritic spines

-some diseases have
long and thin dendritic spins that still do not have capability to function

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10
Q

Black: arborization (dendritic projections)
Gray: axon projections

A

Slide 14

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11
Q

Different types of GABAergic interneurons

A

modulating behavior of the pyramidal cells

  • Chandelier cell
  • Double Bouquet Cell
  • Large Basket Cell
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12
Q

Most projection neurons are

A

pyramidal cells which are excitatory

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13
Q

Most interneurons (local circuit neurons) are

A

non-pyramidal cells and are inhibitory (GABA)*

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14
Q

What are barbiturates and benzodiazepines?

A
  • drugs that suppress the CNS and act as depressants
  • uses include sedation (anesthesia), anticonvulsants (seizure), antixiolytics (for anxiety)
  • are agonists at ionotropic GABA receptors
  • because they suppress cortical activity, they are used as antixiolytics (anxiety) and anticonvulsants (seizure)
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15
Q

Area 17

A

lingual gyrus (upper visual) , cuneate gyrus (lower visual), calcarine fissure

The visual cortex of the brain is a part of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information. It is located in the occipital lobe.

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16
Q

Brodmann area 4 refers to

A

the primary motor cortex of the human brain

17
Q

What areas are primary sensory?

A

somatosensory: 3, 1, 2

Vision: 17

Auditory: 41

18
Q

What areas are secondary sensory?

A

Vision: 18
Auditory: 42
Secondary motor: 6
Motor and speech: 44 and 45

19
Q

Describe the 6 layers of the neocortex.

A

Layers 1–>6 from the pial surface and down

Layers I, II, III
-Project to and receive input from intrahemispheric and interhemispheric cortex

Layer IV
-Receives Thalamocortical input

Layer V
-Projects to subcortical regions

Layers VI
-Projects to Thalamus

20
Q

The thickness of the 6 layers varies according to function.

A

layer 4, which receives inputs from thalamus, is very thick in primary sensory but thin in primary motor areas.

layer 5, which projects to the brainstem/spinal cord (subcortical regions), is very thick in primary motor but thin in primary sensory areas.

21
Q

What are the different types of fiber bundles coursing through the cortex?

A
  • short U-fibers
  • longer associational bundles
  • commissures inclusive of:
    - corpus callosum (connects contralateral cortices)
    - anterior commissure (connects temporal lobes)
22
Q

Short U-Fibers Connect?

A

Adjacent Area of Cortex

23
Q

Long Associational Bundles Connect?

A

Cortical Areas That are Far Away

24
Q

Commissures connect?

A

Corpus Callosum: connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres; connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres; largest fiber tract (splenium, body, genu)

Anterior Commissure: connecting the two temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix; interconnects the right and left temporal lobes and olfactory tracts

25
Q

VPL nucleus: ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) is a nucleus of the thalamus and projects to where in the cortex?

LGN goes to primary visual cortex

MGN goes to primary auditory cortex

A

The VPL receives information from the neospinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. It then projects this sensory information to Brodmann’s Areas 3, 1 and 2 in the postcentral gyrus. Collectively, Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2 make up the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain.

26
Q

The thalamus is a sensory relay center between the brainstem and cortex.

A

Specific thalamic nuclei project to specific areas of cortex

27
Q

Projection Fibers

A

Internal Capsule – Projections fibers connecting cortex to subcortical structures (brainstem and spinal cord)

Internal Capsule- A compact bundle of fibres through which the following fibers pass:
Thalamocortical fibres 
Corticothalamic fibres 
Corticopontine fibres 
Corticobulbar fibres
28
Q

What are the 3 arteries that supply the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. posterior cerebral
  2. middle cerebral (can be seen on the lateral face of the brain hemisphere, within the lateral fissure beside temporal lobe)
  3. anterior cerebral
29
Q

Think of the arteries as 3 water systems: Watershed zones

A

A watershed zone is an area of brain farthest from direct perfusion with blood supply by the major cerebral arteries.
Watershed strokes result from hypoperfusion (a lack of blood flow). May be caused by congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries and hypotension.

30
Q

Advantage of a watershed areas

A

watershed areas are often spared following obstruction of a single cerebral artery

31
Q

If the PCA is impacted what modality will be affected?

A

PCA goes to the posterior side of the cerebral hemispheres which is where the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobe are:
-vision would be affected

If one of the posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs) becomes
blocked or bleeds, a large part of the back of the brain
loses its supply of blood and oxygen. This can affect:
• Vision
• Memory
• Judgment
• Alertness and ability to focus on a task
• Body movement
• Body sensation
• Speech

Chika- SF2 (63 decks)

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