P lab: Special Senses-Graf

Question 1

A father comes to the pediatrician’s office with his three-year old daughter, who is a new patient. As part of the initial examination, the pediatrician performs tests on the child’s visual system. Which of the following visual tests is designed specifically for use with small children?

Answer 1

Lea test

Question 2

As part of a standard examination, a patient is tested for astigmatism. The test shows that the patient has astigmatism in both eyes. This result indicates a defect in which structure of the eyes?

Answer 2

cornea

Question 3

Which of the following is most directly tested using a perimeter mapping apparatus?

Answer 3

visual field

Question 4

Distinguish the Rinne and Weber tests.

Answer 4

Rinne tests both air and bone conduction of each ear

Weber test ONLY bone conduction of both ears at the same time

Question 5

Which pathway mediates horizontal conjugate gaze?

Answer 5

Abducens interneuron pathway

Question 6

On the Snellen Chart, one period (letter element + interspace) subtends which angle at the designated viewing distance?

Answer 6

2 minutes of arc

Question 7

Red-green color blindness affects

Answer 7

mainly males due to the defect gene being located ont he X-chromosome

Question 8

Cold water irrigation of the left ear will elicit

Answer 8

nystagmus to the right

Question 9

During a head movement with eyes open,

Answer 9

????

Question 10

Visual-vestibular interaction stimulation elicits

Answer 10

?????

Question 11

The main role of ascending vestibular pathways is

Answer 11

vestibulo-ocular reflex and cortical ?????

Question 12

Snellen chart

Answer 12

Snellen chart has sloan letters. They work on the spatial frequency detection of the visual system. One letter element 1 minute of arc. Period- 2 minutes of arc.
Sloan letters, -above

Question 13

Landolt C

Answer 13

good for those who can’t read and writing

Question 14

Lea test

Answer 14

visual acuity for kids, pictorial

Question 15

Amsler grid

Answer 15

• for macular degeneration
• scotoma or wavy lines
• the lines get wavy at the beginning of macular degeneration

Question 16

Ishihara test

Answer 16

color test

Question 17

astigmatism wheel

Answer 17

To test for astigmatism at home click here or take a look at the image below with your glasses or contact lenses on. Covering one eye, sit 14 inches from your computer and observe the lines. Check with the other eye. If the lines are sharp and dark, you do not have astigmatism

Question 18

perimeter mapping test

Answer 18

Visual field testing can be performed clinically by keeping the subject’s gaze fixed while presenting objects at various places within their visual field. Simple manual equipment can be used such as in the tangent screen test or the Amsler grid. When dedicated machinery is used it is called a perimeter.

Question 19

Define “diopter”.

Answer 19

1/focal length

Question 20

Conduction deafness

Answer 20

impairment of the transmission of sound coming through the ear going to the sensory cells

Question 21

Tinnitus

Answer 21

ringing or clicking sound in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli

Question 22

Presbycusis

Answer 22

the most common type of Sensorineural Hearing Loss caused by the natural aging of the auditory system; loss of high frequencies

Question 23

EG

Answer 23

no tympanic membrane → can still hear with bone conduction

Question 24

otosclerosis

Answer 24

→ again can hear with bone conduction.

Question 25

otosclerosis

Answer 25

-affects the ossicles thus affecting air conduction

→ again can still hear with bone conduction.

Question 26

Otoacoustic emission test

Answer 26

OAE test is used to find out how well your inner ear, or cochlea, works

Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are sounds of cochlear origin, which can be recorded by a microphone fitted into the ear canal. They are caused by the motion of the cochlea's sensory hair cells as they energetically respond to auditory stimulation.
OAEs are sounds given off by the inner ear when responding to a sound. There are hair cells in the inner ear that respond to sound by vibrating. The vibration produces a very quiet sound that echoes back into the middle ear. This sound is the OAE that is measured.

Question 27

Which type of hearing loss would be mimicked by plugging one ear with cotton?

Answer 27

Conductive hearing loss

Question 28

How would plugging one ear affect the results of the Rinne test?

Answer 28

Air conduction will be inhibited. Bone conduction will improve (be higher) in the ear that is plugged.

Question 29

Damage to which components of the ear might contribute to conduction deafness?

Answer 29

impacted earwax, perforated eardrum, osteosclerosis of the ossicles

Question 30

Damage to which components of the ear might contribute to sensorineural deafness?

Answer 30

damage to the hair cells, cochlear nerves

Question 31

Damage to which CNS sites might result in sensorineural deafness?

Answer 31

Damage to the neural structures at any point from the cochlear hair cells to the auditory cortical cells
Cochlear nucleus.
Unilateral if you cut nerve or cochlear nucleus

Question 32

How would plugging one ear affect the results of the Weber test?

Answer 32

In an affected patient, if the defective ear hears the Weber tuning fork louder(the plugged ear), the finding indicates a conductive hearing loss in the defective ear. In an affected patient, if the normal ear hears the tuning fork sound better, there is sensorineural hearing loss on the other (defective) ear.

Question 33

visual perimeter

Answer 33

A perimetry test (visual field test) measures all areas of your eyesight, including your side, or peripheral, vision.

Question 34

visual acuity

Answer 34

A perimetry test (visual field test) measures all areas of your eyesight, including your side, or peripheral, vision.

Question 35

optic disc

Answer 35

the raised disk on the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve, lacking visual receptors and so creating a blind spot.

Question 36

astigmatism

Answer 36

It occurs when the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is irregularly shaped or sometimes because of the curvature of the lens inside the eye.

Question 37

glaucoma

Answer 37

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for good vision. This damage is often caused by an abnormally high pressure in your eye.

Question 38

macular degeneration, (usually in old age)

Answer 38

Macular Degeneration is caused by the deterioration of the central portion of the retina, the inside back layer of the eye that records the images we see and sends them via the optic nerve from the eye to the brain.

Question 39

myopia

Answer 39

nearsightedness;

hyperopia, farsightedness (HOW TO CORRECT);

Question 40

achromatopsia,

Answer 40

Achromatopsia is a condition characterized by a partial or total absence of color vision.

Question 41

protanopia

Answer 41

(no red- long wavelength waves) people affected by protan color blindness are less sensitive to red light

Question 42

Deuteranopia,

Answer 42

(no green) (the second type of red-green color blindness) is related to sensitiveness on green light.
protanomaly, The different anomalous conditions are protanomaly, which is a reduced sensitivity to red light
deuteranomaly, which is a reduced sensitivity to green light tritanopia Actually the wording blue-yellow color blindness is misleading. People affected by tritan color blindness confuse blue with green and yellow with violet

Question 43

tritanomaly

Answer 43

This is an alleviated form of blue-yellow color blindness, where the S-cones are present but do have some kind of mutation.