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Chika- SF2 > Face Development and Pharyngeal Arches-Ziermann > Flashcards

Face Development and Pharyngeal Arches-Ziermann Flashcards

1
Q

pharyngeal arches

A

means branchial gill

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2
Q

6th arch is not visible during development

A

only the 1, 2, 3, and 4th arch are externally visible

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3
Q

Neural crest cells important for head and neck structures. True or false?

A

True

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4
Q

Head has 7 pairs of somitomeres that are never completely separated. True or false?

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Hindbrain neural crest gives rise to what pharyngeal arches ?

A

2,3,4, and 6 arches

The midbrain neural crest gives rise to 1st pharyngeal arch.

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6
Q

There are not somitomeres!!!!

A

The mesoderm in head is NOT segmented.

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7
Q

Occipital lateral plate mesoderm and cranial paraxial mesoderm make what?

A

make the head and neck muscles

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8
Q

What is the content of each pharyngeal arch?

A 
A membrane (ectoderm and endoderm) 
A mesenchymal core (mesoderm and neural crest) 
An internal pouch (endoderm)
An external cleft/groove (ectoderm)
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9
Q

5th pharyngeal arch fails to form. What arches do form?

A

ultimately 5 arches (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th) by the end of 4th week

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10
Q

What is the stomodeum?

A

the primitive oral cavity

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11
Q

The oral cavity (stomodeum) is surrounded by what 5 swellings?

A

1 Frontonasal + 2 Maxillary + 2 Mandibular

development is from rostral to caudal

heart is developing???

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12
Q

The axial orientation in embryo is different in the adult

A

medial is medial
but anterior is rostral and posterior is caudal.
Superior is dorsal and inferior is ventral. ????

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13
Q

Nasal placode–> nasal pit

A

the rim also rises due to mesenchymal proliferation

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14
Q

When you cry really hard your nose leaks?

A

Duct drains into inferior meatus of nose –>

postnatal drainage of excess tears

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15
Q

Frontonasal process becomes

A

forehead, dorsum (bridge) and apex of nose

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16
Q

Medial nasal processes migrate to each other and fuse to become what?

A

–> fuse–> intermaxillary process/segment

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17
Q

Intermaxillary process gives rise to:

A

Middle part or philtrum of upper lip
Middle part of upper jaw and associated gingiva (gums)
Primary palate

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18
Q

Lateral nasal process gives rise to:

A

Alae of the nose

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19
Q

Fusion of different process we decrease width of UPPER mouth

A

no lower lip cleft because they were never separate in the first place!!!

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20
Q

Invasion of mesoderm form what?

A

giving rise to facial muscles

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21
Q

Maxillary prominences form:

A

Lateral part of upper lip
Upper jaw (Maxilla)
Secondary palate

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22
Q

Why is the tongue important in the formation of the bony palate?

A

need tongue to occupy space for proper jaw development

descend of the tongue is influenced by growth of Meckel’s cartilage and mandible

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23
Q

What is the first time nasal sac is connected to oral cavity?

A

Oronasal membrane RUPTURES (7th week): connection of primitive nasal cavities with oral cavity is primitive choana

Floor of nasal cavity formed by posterior extension of intermaxillary process (fusion of medial nasal prominences) = primary palate (development starts in week 5)

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24
Q

mesoderm giving rise to

A

primary palate

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25
Q

palatine shelves

A

(lateral palatine processes)

???

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26
Q

secondary palate

A

??

membranous ossification

also in the primary ossification

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27
Q

Definitive choanae

A

???

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28
Q

incisive foramen continues into adulthood forming BVs

A

???

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29
Q

What forms the uvula?

A

????

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30
Q

How do we get facial clefts?

A

???

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31
Q

cleft upper lip (side)

A

intermaxillary cleft has not fused with the maxillary cleft

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32
Q

cleft upper lip (middle)

A

something hasn’t fused???

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33
Q

cleft palate: primary

A

???

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34
Q

cleft palate: secondary

A

???

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35
Q

Tongue development from the FIRST arch (trigeminal nerve)

arches form swellings

A

median tongue bud or tuberculum impar

lateral swellings of 1st arch: distal tongue buds or lateral lingual swellings

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36
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch

A

arch develops midline swelling: copula

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37
Q

copula is overgrown by midline swelling of 3rd & 4th pharyngeal arches called

A

hypopharyngeal eminence

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38
Q

4th pharyngeal arch

A

epiglottis

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39
Q

Line of fusion between anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 marked by terminal sulcus
Line between both distal tongue buds marked median sulcus on anterior 2/3

Intersection of terminal and median sulc

A

foramen cecum–> site of origin of thyroid gland

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40
Q

Why is the tongue important in the formation of the bony palate?

A

need tongue to occupy space for proper jaw development and to move palate upwards so you don’t get proper palate closed

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41
Q

Thyroid gland is a derivative of what?

A

is a derivative of the endodermal tissue from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

foramen cecum is the site of origin of the thyroid gland

42
Q

Thyroglossal duct is SUPPOSED to disappear. IF not you get?

A

Thyroglossal duct cysts form (anterior side of neck) from persistent thyroglossal duct

43
Q

Pyramidal lobe on thyroid gland

A

is not pathology just a polymorphism????

44
Q

Most arch cartilage are derived from?

A

neural crest cells of the midbrain and hindbrain regions

but their connective tissues is neural crest derived

45
Q

Cartilages from 4th and 6th arches apparently develop from what to form what cartilages?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

thyroid and cricoid cartilage are mesoderm derived (they are laryngeal cartilages)

46
Q

Mandibular process: dorsal portion Meckel’s cartilage forms what?

A

forms malleus and incus

first two bones ossicles in the ear

47
Q

Meckel’s cartilage is used as a template region to later form our mandible but IT does not give rise to the mandible

A

the mesenchymal cells surrounding the Meckel’s cartilage are what form the mandible

48
Q

Hyoid bone is a mixture of 2 pharyngeal arches. Explain

A

the 2nd arch cartilage: Reichert’s cartilage

  • LESSER horns of the hyoid bone and the UPPER half of the hyoid body
  • stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament

the 3rd arch cartilage
-GREATER horns of the hyoid bone and LOWER half of the hyoid bone

49
Q

skull develops from meso

A

from mesenchyme around the developing brain

50
Q

Cartilaginous XY: with cartilaginous precursors (ossify or not)

A

with cartilage

51
Q

Membranous XY: without cartilaginous precursors (ossify)

A

without cartilage

52
Q

Membranous neurocranium

A

Formed by intramembranous ossification: development of bone that occurs within mesenchymal tissue WITHOUT prior cartilage formation

53
Q

When we are born we still have openings (fontanelles). Explain.

A

The flat bones of the skull, (e.g., frontal, parietals, squamous part of temporal, and occipital bones) are all membranous.

membranous bones of the skull do not fuse with each other prenatally –> new born babies have unclosedsutures and fontanelles

important for our brain to still grow to a proper size

54
Q

Forensics

A

an indication to distinguish age using the skull

55
Q

Chondrocranium= Cartilaginous neurocranium

A
  • formed by combination of paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells
  • development: cartilage forms around the brain beginning at the notochord (parachondral cartilage)

WITH REFERENCE TO THE SELLA TURCICA:

  • bones that lie rostral to this are derive from neural crest cells
  • bones that lie posterior to this are derived from paraxial mesoderm

The base of the skull is formed when the cartilages from from these two sources fuse and ossify by endochondral ossification.

56
Q
  • blue is neural crest derived

- orange is mesoderm derived

A

????

57
Q

The ethmoid bone is formed from?

A

formed from the trabeculae cranii (paired chondrification centers in front of developing pituitary gland)

58
Q

Sphenoid bone is from what 3 different sources?

A
  • sphenoid body is formed from hypophysial cartilage

- lesser wing and greater wing are both derived from mesenchymal condensation called ala orbitis

59
Q

The temporal bone is derived from?

A

derived from periotic capsule

60
Q

The occipital bone is derived from?

A

parachondral cartilage

61
Q

The only part that stays open in adult is what?

A

is where there is vasculature or cranial nerves passing through

62
Q

Viscerocranium is formed from what pharyngeal arches?

A

mainly from the first two pharyngeal arches

Divided into membranous viscerocranium and chondral (cartilaginous) viscerocranium

63
Q

Membranous viscerocranium

Maxillary process (dorsal): intramembranous ossification

A

mesenchyme will ossify

64
Q

Mesenchymal cells surrounding the Meckel’s cartilage will ossify to form what?

A

mandible

65
Q

Nasal bones should be ossified intramembranously via the cartilaginous nasal capsule. When the nasal bones are hypoplastic or not visible at 11-13 weeks’ gestation, what may this indicate?

A

risk for fetus with trisomy 21 and other chromosomal abnormalities

66
Q

Which cartilage of the 1st arch forms the malleus and incus?

Which cartilage of the 2nd arch forms the stapes and the styloid process?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

Reichert’s cartilage

67
Q

Frontnasal process cranial neural crest form what?

A

Frontal, nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, primary palate/premaxilla

68
Q

1st Arch forms what bones?

A

Maxilla, Zygomatic bone

Meckel’s cartilage –>malleus and incus; mesenchymal cells around the meckel’s cartilage gives rise to the mandible

69
Q

2nd Arch forms what bones?

A

Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligaments, parts of hyoid bone (derived from Reichert’s cartilage)

70
Q

3rd Arch: Parts of hyoid bone?

A

lower portion of the hyoid body

greater horn of the hyoid bone

71
Q

1st arch: CN V
2nd arch: CN VII (facial nerve)
3rd arch CN IX (glossalpharyngeal nerve)
4th arch: CN X

A

muscles of mastication
muscles of facial expression
stylopharyngeal muscle
laryngeal musculature, pharyngeal plexus

72
Q

1st/ mandibular arch muscles

A

-muscles of mastication attach to the mandible: temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral Pterygoids

  • mylohyoid
  • anterior belly of digastric
  • tensor veli palatini
  • tensor tympani
73
Q

Some cells of the mesenchyme in the pharyngeal arch give rise to striated muscles of the pharyngeal arches

Somatic mesoderm in the mandibular process gives rise to what muscles?

A
  • Muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid)
  • Mylohyoid
  • anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani
74
Q

In babies muscles of facial expression are fully developed but not functioning. Explain.

A

can only use 2-4 month after birth because????

75
Q

2nd/hyoid arch muscles

A
  • muscles of facial expression: Anatomy of face lecture
    platysma: cervical branch of facial nerve:
  • frontalis/occipitalis: temporal branch of facial nerve/ posterior auricular nerve
  • procerus: temporal branch of facial nerve
  • orbicularis oculi: temporal and zygomatic branch of facial nerve

All buccal branch of facial nerve:

  • levator labii superioris
  • levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
  • zygomaticus minor
  • risorius
  • orbicularis oris
  • levator angulis oris
  • zygomaticus major: buccal AND zygomatic branch of facial nerve
  • depressor anguli oris: buccal AND marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve
  • depressor labii inferioris: marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

mentalis: mandibular branch of facial nerve
buccinator: buccal branches of facial nerve

  • posterior belly digastric
  • stylohyoid
  • stapedius
76
Q

What is the only muscle derived from 3rd arch and innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle

77
Q

What are the 4th arch muscles?

A

muscles related to the pharynx except for stylopharyngeus muscle:
-superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor

muscles of the soft palate (except tensor veli palatini)
cricothyroid muscle
cricopharyngeus muscle

all innervated by CN X (vagus nerve)

78
Q

What are the 6th pharyngeal arch muscles?

A
  • muscles related to larynx

- skeletal muscles of esophagus

79
Q

Pharyngeal arch arteries are derived from what cells?

A

Mesodermal and neural crest (from mesenchymal chore) cells contribute to the formation of pharyngeal arch arteries

80
Q

What is the first structure to develop in each arch (I-IV)

A

the aortic (pharyngeal) arch artery (1-6): This is a communicating blood vessel between dorsal aorta and ventral aorta (aortic sac in humans).

81
Q

While the 4th aortic arch artery is forming, the arteries of the 1st and 2nd arches are breaking up into capillary plexuses, and pretty much disappear except for?

A

except: maxillary, stapedial and hyoid aa.

82
Q

3rd arch artery becomes what?

A

part of the common carotid artery

83
Q

Left 4th arch artery becomes what?

A

part of the arch of the aorta

84
Q

Right 4th arch artery forms what?

A

proximal part of right subclavian artery

85
Q

6th arch arteries become what?

A

the pulmonary artery

86
Q

if outflow tract is not ???

A

cannot make pulmonary arch or aorta

-you get mixed blood which is not healthy

87
Q

Why is right aortic arch pathological?

A
  • Retention of dorsal aorta on right side
  • Ductus arteriosus deflected to right
  • Up to 1/3 of tetralogy of Fallot
88
Q

Aberrant right subclavian artery

1% of normal population but 40% of what?

A

40% of Down syndrome

89
Q

Pouches are INSIDE of the pharyngeal apparatus. What ectodermal lined recesses that appear on the OUTSIDE of the pharynx between arches?

A

pharyngeal clefts

There are 4 pharyngeal pouches and 4 pharyngeal clefts!!

90
Q

1st Pharyngeal pouch and cleft

A

pouch becomes the tympanic cavity and which then grows laterally into the cleft forming the external auditory meatus

auditory tube and middle ear (tympanic) cavity

91
Q

You can hear your swallowing sounds, why?

A

2st pharyngeal pouch becomes the tube????

92
Q

2nd – 4th Pharyngeal CLEFTS

A

are overgrown by expansion of the 2nd pharyngeal arch (hyoid operculum) and usually OBLITERATED

93
Q

What may anterior and lateral neck cyst be due to?

A

anterior cyst: thyroglossal ducts

lateral cyst: cervical cyst due to remnants of pharyngeal clefts 2-4

94
Q

Cyst formation on the lateral side of the neck may be due to what? What about on the preauricular? What about on the midline of neck?

A

Chidinma has cyst formation on the preauricular which is due to the defect in the development of the 1st pharyngeal cleft.

Cyst formation on the lateral neck is due to remanants of pharyngeal clefts 2-4.

Cyst formation on midline neck is due to thyroglossal duct cysts.

95
Q

2nd Pharyngeal pouch

A

Forms numerous infoldings that become the crypts of the palatine tonsil

96
Q

3rd and 4th Pharyngeal pouches dorsal portions form what? What do their ventral portions form?

A

Both divide into a superior/dorsal and inferior/ventral portion
Dorsal portions:
3rd: forms inferior parathyroid glands
4th: forms superior parathyroid glands
Chief (or principal) and oxyphil cells are derived from the endodermal lining of the pouch

Ventral portions:

3rd: thymus
4th: ultimobranchial body which releases signaling factors to induce the migration and differentiation of nearby neural crest cells into parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

97
Q

3rd ventral portion of the pouch forms what?

A

forms the thymus – the epithelial reticular cells are derived from the endodermal lining of the pouch
T-cell progenitors from the bone marrow infiltrate the cortex to establish the definitive thymus.

enabling neural crest migration in the thyroid gland

98
Q

The most common disorder in which this occurs is DiGeorge syndrome. Microdeletion in the long (or “q”) arm of chromosome 22, leading to a hypoplasia of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

NOTE: hypoplasia of 3rd and 4th arches can also disrupt the 1st and 2nd arches, leading to the following additional findings:
Micrognathia (reduced jaw), cleft palate, hearing loss

99
Q
  • Reduced size of maxillary process resulting in micrognathia (small jaws)
  • underdeveloped zygomatic bone resulting in downward slanting of eyes and drooping part of lateral lower eyelids
  • mandibulofacial dysostosis

What syndrome is this characteristics?

A

Treacher Collins syndrome

100
Q

What are characteristics of Pierre Robin sequence?

A
  • hypoplasia of mandible which results in tongue being displaced upward leading to a cleft palate and defect of eye and ears
  • glossoptosis
101
Q

Describe what is being fused for each below?

Upper lip: 
Lower lip: 
Cheek:
Primary palate: 
Secondary palate:

If these tissues fail to meet, a gap appears where tissues should have joined (fused). Facial cleft
This may happen in any single joining site, or simultaneously in several or all of them.

A

Upper lip: fusion of medial nasal processes (philtrum, medial part of upper lip) and; maxillary processes (lateral parts of upper lip)

Lower lip: fusion of mandibular processes

Cheek: fusion of lateral portions of maxillary and mandibulary swellings

Primary palate: posterior extension of intermaxillary process (= fused inferior tips of medial nasal processes)

Secondary palate: medial walls of maxillary processes

Chika- SF2 (63 decks)

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