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Chika- SF2 > Skull-Wilson > Flashcards

Skull-Wilson Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 bones of the neurocranium?

A 
Temporal (2)
Parietal (2)
Frontal (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Ethmoid (1)
Occipital (1)
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2
Q

Coronal suture

A

separates parietal and frontal

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3
Q

sagittal suture

A

separates the two parietal boens

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4
Q

lambdoid suture

A

separates parietal bones from the occipital bone

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5
Q

bregma

lambda

A

can use stereotactic coordinates to do neurosurgery

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6
Q

parietal foramen

A

emissary vein: veins that go through the skull from the scalp and skin to communicate with meninges

  • potential sites for the spread of infection
  • they are valveless
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7
Q

skull at birth

A

same bone BUT

  • 2 frontal bones (frontal suture which disappears in adult)
  • anterior fontanelle (bregma); a soft spot in the baby’s skull
  • posterior fontanelle (lambda)

these fontanelles allow the brain to grow and expand and the skull can expand with the brain

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8
Q

Premature fusion of the anterior and posterior fontanelle sutures

A

SCAPHocephaly: premature closure of the SAGITTAL suture

acrocephaly: premature closure of coronal and lambdoid sutures; skull extends upwardly

can result in mental retardation

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9
Q

What is found in the anterior cranial fossa?

A
  • frontal bone
  • cribriform plate: olfactory nerve (nerves for smelling)
  • crista gali
  • sphenoid bone (lesser wing) with the anterior clinoid process

foramen cecum: emissary vein to the superior sagittal sinus

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10
Q

What is found in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

brainstem and ???

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11
Q

What is found in the middle cranial fossa?

A

temporal bone:

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12
Q

3 bones of anterior cranial fossa

A

-frontal bone
2 frontal sinuses which can get infected and causes sinus headaches
-orbital plate: dome shaped; forms the roof
-sphenoid bone (lesser wing)

  • ethmoid
  • anterior clinoid process: attachment for the dural mater and dural reflection
  • crista galli: cone of the rooster
  • cribriform plate: CN I (olfactory nerve) goes from the brain and innervate the olfactory mucosa of the nasal cavity (nerves for smelling)

foramen cecum: an opening through which an emissary vein passes through

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13
Q

Transorbital lobotomy

A

altering people’s behavior typically if they are unruly, aggressive, antisocial

-a simplified version of the prefrontal operation

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14
Q

bones in the middle cranial fossa

A

2 bones:

SPHENOID BONE
-greater wing
BODY
-sella turcica: the pituitary gland
-chiasmic groove: 2 optic nerve come together at the optic chiasm
pituitary tumor (can’t grow down or laterally because of bone but can grow anteriorly and put pressure on the optic chiasma
-posterior clinoid process

TEMPORAL BONE

  • squamous bone: lateral part; flat plate like structure
  • petrous temporal bone (one of the densest bone in the body); vestibulocochlear apparatus is embedded in this bone; facial nerve travels through this bone (is often one of the places the facial nerve is damaged)

petrous portion of the temporal bone:

  • separates the middle from the posterior cranial fossa
  • facial nerve travels through this bone
  • contains the special organs of hearing and balance
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15
Q

optic canal

A

where CN II (optic nerve) travels and comes right to the back of the orbit

NOT optic foramen!!!!! that would be stupid

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16
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

crack between greater and lesser wings of sphenoid bone where the CN III, IV, V1 (ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve), and VI, travels

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17
Q

foramen rotundum

A

V2 (maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve)

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18
Q

foramen ovale

A

V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)

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19
Q

foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal artery: artery that supplies the meninges; if you follow the groove for the middle meningeal artery it takes you right the foramen spinosum

20
Q

carotid canal

A

at . the very top of the petrous bone there is an opening called the carotid canal

if you stick a wire in there; the wall is very smooth smooth as it conforms to the shape of an artery; it is a long tube; this is the EXIT point of the carotid canal where the internal carotid artery gains access to the brain

internal carotid artery ENTERS the carotid canal medial to the styloid process

21
Q

foramen lacerum

A

opening under carotid canal

no clinical significance

22
Q

Posterior cranial fossa

A

3 bones:

  • sphenoid bone: dorsum sellae
  • temporal bone: petrous
  • occipital bone
  • clivus
  • foramen magnum

-internal occipital protuberance

groove for transverse sinus: venous sinus carrying blood away from brain to heart

groove for sigmoid sinus: going to the jugular foramen

cerebellar fossa: cerebellar hemispheres sit on this fossa NOT the vermis

INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS (summit of the petrous bone): where CN VII (main motor branch to muscles of facial expression), VIII (going to special organs of hearing and balance) will be leaving the brain to enter the petrous temporal bone

JUGULAR FORAMEN: directly below the internal acoustic meatus; internal jugular vein goes through this; CN IX, X, XI (accessory nerve); all of which exits the skull through this foramen

CN XI: roots of this nerve is found in the cervical spinal cord: they are NOT ventral or dorsal roots but are LATERAL roots that go through the foramen magnum, join CN IX, and X and then exit through the jugular foramen to go to SCM and trapezius; jugular foramen syndrome

CN IX (glossopharyngeal): has two sensory ganglion 
CN X: has two sensory ganglion
23
Q

Arnold Chiari Malformation

A

Type I: cerebellar fossa is very flat and the cerebellum has nowhere to sit and so herniates through the foramen magnum

Type II:

24
Q

back of the skull

A

superior nuchal line : where the trapezius and SCM attach to

lambda
occipital bone
external occipital protuberance (on the opposite side is the internal occipital protuberance)

25
Q

foramen magnum (largest foramen in the skull)

A

after this foramen is when the medulla oblongata extends into the vertebral canal and becomes the spinal cord

accessory nerve travels through the jugular foramen and enters here

hypoglossal canal: CN XII

26
Q

stylomastoid foramen

A

CN VII (facial nerve) exits the skull through here to reach the muscles of facial expression

Remember CN VII enters the internal acoustic meatus

27
Q

Zygomatic process of the temporal bone

A

????

28
Q

mandibular fossa

articular eminence

A

condyle of mandible slides back and forth between the fossa and eminence during chewing

29
Q

occipital condyle forming joint with atlas

A

on either sides of the foramen magnum which forms a joint with the atlas

atlanto-occipital joint

30
Q

condylar canal (can be mistaken for hypoglossal canal is more anterior)

A

emissary veins go through the condylar canal

31
Q

the facial canal

A

CN VII as a long course which is completely surrounded by bone which means if there is swelling of CN VII or facial canal you get compression of CN VII–> Bell’s palsy

The facial canal in the petrous portion of temporal bone, connects the internal auditory and the stylomastoid foramen. It is a potential site for compression injuries of CN VII due to inflammatory processes.

32
Q

lateral view of skull

A 
BONES
-frontal bone 
-sphenoid bone (greater wing)
-parietal bone 
-temporal bone 
squamous portion
mastoid process 
zygomatic process

zygomatic bone is part of viscerocranium NOT a bone of the neurocranium

-superior temporal line and zygomatic bone form the temporal fossa: includes the pterion where the bones of the skull have an intersection

pterion (THIN): intersection of temporal parietal, zygomatic, and frontal bone

groove for the middle meningeal artery: if you fx the skull at the pterion this vessel will be most likely damaged and you get bleeding (EPIDURAL HEMATOMA)

as the blood gets larger you get compression on the cortex and the incus herniates putting pressure on the pons and even the cerebellum herniates into the foramen magnum

33
Q

infratemporal fossa

A
  • area of the skull medial to the ramus of the mandible
  • btw the maxilla and the styloid process
  • will find the pterygoid process and thus find the medial and lateral pterygoid plates (muscles of mastication)
34
Q

space between pterygoid process and maxilla

A

pterygomaxillary fissure

pterygomaxillary fissure (doorway) opens into the pterygopalatine fossa (room) which houses termination of maxillary nerve and maxillary artery, as well as the pterygopalatine ganglion as in a small space but important space!!

35
Q

what foramen from the middle cranial fossa opens up into the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

foramen rotundum

maxillary nerve terminates in the pterygopalatine fossa but goes through the foramen rotundum

36
Q

VISCERAL CRANIUM

14 Bones

A 
zygomatic (2)
maxilla (2) 
nasal (2)
palatine (2)
lacrimal (2)
inferior nasal concha (2)
mandible (1)
vomer (1)
37
Q

maxilla

A

has several process

  • frontal process
  • zygomatic process
  • alveolar margin: need to have teeth to have this margin; if teeth is removed the margin is reabsorbed
38
Q

supraorbital foramen
infraorbital foramen
mental foramen

A

where V1, V2, V3 terminates into the face

39
Q

Mandible

A 
angle of mandible 
condyle 
neck of condyle 
ramus of mandible 
ramus process:
-interiorly the coronoid process
-posteriorly: condylar process

mandibular notch

40
Q

mandibular foramen

A

nerve that provides sensory innervation to all of the teeth (alveolar nerve??)

41
Q

Groove for mylohyoid nerve

A

for the NVB of the mylohyoid nerve/artery/vein which innervates anterior belly digastric, mylohyoid muscle

42
Q

mylohyoid muscle

A

forms the floor of the mouth

43
Q

hard palate

A

made up of 2 bones:

  • most is maxilla
  • horizontal process of the palatine bone
  • incisive canal
  • greater palatine foramen
  • lesser palatine foramen
  • primary palate fuses with a secondary palate
44
Q

orbital bones

A
  • lacrimal bone
  • roof is the orbital plate
  • laterally: sphenoid greater wing (can see this from a lot of angles)
  • maxillary orbital surface
  • infraorbital foramen where V2 becomes cutaneous in the middle of the face
  • nasolacrimal canal: constantly recycling tears; communication between orbital and nasal canal

on the medial wall: anterior and posterior ethmoid foramen: where the vein and arteries run; a lot of the nerves, arteries, and vein in the orbit will supply the nasal cavity going through the infraorbital foramen

inferior orbital fissure, groove and canal: where the infraorbital nerve travel through the floor of the mouth

45
Q

Nasal cavity

A
  • perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
  • ethmoid is PART OF THE NEUROCRANIUM but has processes that run to the viscrocranium

turn the head over

  • vomer
  • choana (posterior nares)
  • medial/lateral pterygoid plate
46
Q

nasal septum formed by

A
  • vomer (plow; forms the bath) (posteriorly)
  • perpendicular plate of the ethmoid (anterior)
  • septal cartilage
47
Q

lateral nasal wall

A
  • ethmoid bone forming the middle nasal concha

- cribriform plate

Chika- SF2 (63 decks)

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