TFN Post Test Concept of Health

Question 1

Is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Answer 1

WHO,1948

Question 2

conceptualized health as the ability to
maintain normal roles.

Answer 2

Talcott Parsons (1951)

Question 3

defined health as a dynamic state of being in which developmental and behavioral
the potential of an individual is realized to the fullest extent possible.

Answer 3

American Nurses Association (ANA)

Question 4

suggest that for many people, conditions
of life rather than pathological states are what define health.

Answer 4

Pender et al (2006)

Question 5

are activities related to maintaining,
attaining or regaining good health and preventing illness.
o EXAMPLES: Sleeping early for 8hrs-10hrs,
immunization to protect the body from diseases,
eating fruits and vegetables.

Answer 5

Positive health behaviors

Question 6

are practices actually or potentially
harmful to one’s health.
EXAMPLES: smoking and drinking alcohol,
taking harmful or prohibited drugs, consuming
unhealthy foods

Answer 6

Negative health behaviors

Question 7

An individual’s adaptive responses cannot maintain physical and emotional balance, which subsequently results in an impairment of functional abilities.

Answer 7

ILLNESS

Question 8

• involves ways an individual describes, monitors, and interprets
  the symptoms, take remedial actions and use healthcare
  systems.
• In other words, it is how people react, manage, and perceive to be
  ill

Answer 8

ILLNESS BEHAVIOR

Question 9

is the quality or state of being in good health, especially as an
actively sought goal.

Answer 9

WELLNESS

Question 10

It is the ability to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.

Answer 10

IMMUNITY

Question 11

characterized by severe symptoms over a relatively short period of time, usually reversible

Answer 11

ACUTE

Question 12

o gradual that lasts a long time, irreversible
o usually, 6 months or longer
o cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, arthritis

Answer 12

CHRONIC

Question 13

STAGES OF ILLNESS (Suchman, 1979)

Answer 13

STAGE 1: SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE
STAGE 2: ASSUMPTION OF THE SICK ROLE
STAGE 3: MEDICAL CARE CONTACT
STAGE 4: DEPENDENT OF CLIENT ROLE
STAGE 5: RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION

Question 14

• The person is aware that something is wrong
• Recognizing one or more symptoms such as fever, rashes, pain, etc.

Answer 14

STAGE 1: SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE

Question 15

• If symptoms persist and become severe, the person assumes the sick role
• Sick people seek validation from family and social groups.

Answer 15

STAGE 2: ASSUMPTION OF THE SICK ROLE

Question 16

• The sick person seeks out a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment.
• May give up independence.

Answer 16

STAGE 3: MEDICAL CARE CONTACT

Question 17

• The client depends on healthcare professionals to relieve symptoms.
• Requires assistance in carrying out the activities of daily living; needs emotional support.

Answer 17

STAGE 4: DEPENDENT OF CLIENT ROLE

Question 18

• The client may return to health at a higher level of functioning,
• Resumes normal activities and responsibilities.

Answer 18

STAGE 5: RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION

Question 19

IMPACT OF ILLNESS TO THE CLIENT & THE FAMILY
- ON CLIENT

Answer 19

o Behavioral and emotional changes
o Changes in self-concept and body image
o Lifestyle changes

Question 20

IMPACT OF ILLNESS TO THE CLIENT & THE FAMILY
- ON THE FAMILY

Answer 20

o Role changes
o Task reassignments and extra demands on time
o Increased stress and conflict
o Financial problems
o Loneliness
o Change in social customs

Question 21

SIX LINKS IN THE CHAIN OF INFECTION

Answer 21

Infectious agent: The microorganism or bug that causes disease, such as a virus, bacteria, parasite, or fungus
Reservoir: The environment or habitat where the microorganism lives and multiplies, such as people, animals, food, soil, or water
Portal of exit: How the microorganism leaves the reservoir, such as through the mouth, skin, or genitourinary tract
Mode of transmission: How the microorganism is spread from one person or place to another, such as through contact, droplets, or other means
Portal of entry: How the infection enters another individual, such as through the mouth
Susceptible host: The person who is vulnerable to infection

Question 22

3 LEVELS OF PREVENTIVE CARE

Answer 22

• PRIMARY PREVENTION
  o seeks to prevent a disease or condition
  o applied to clients considered physically and
  emotionally healthy.
• SECONDARY PREVENTION
  o focuses on individuals experiencing health problems
  or illnesses and are at risk for developing complications
  or worsening conditions.
• TERTIARY PREVENTION
  o occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or irreversible.
  o involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration.

Question 23

• HEALTH PROMOTION
  o Health education programs
  o Immunizations
  o Nutritional programs
  o Physical fitness activities
• SPECIFIC PROTECTION:
  o Immunization for influenza
  o Hearing protection in occupational settings
  o Use of seatbelts and bike helmets
  o Control on the use of hazardous products

Answer 23

PRIMARY PREVENTION

Question 24

• EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PROMPT TREATMENT
  o Screening activities
  o Selective examinations
• DISABILITY LIMITATIONS
  o Adequate treatment to arrest the disease process
  o Provision of facilities to limit disability & death

Answer 24

SECONDARY PREVENTION

Question 25

• RESTORATION & REHABILITATION
  o Provision of hospital & community facilities for retraining and education to maximize the use of remaining capacities. (Use of wheelchair and perform ADLs independently for a stroke victim
  o The goal of returning individuals to OLOF (Optimum Level of Functioning)

Answer 25

TERTIARY PREVENTION

Question 26

TYPES OF IMMUNITY

Answer 26

• ACTIVE
  o Natural
  o Artificial
• PASSIVE (acquired)
  o Natural
  o Artificial

Question 27

Antibodies are produced by the body in response to an antigen.

Answer 27

ACTIVE

Question 28

Antibodies are produced by another
source animal or human.

Answer 28

PASSIVE

Question 29

Antibodies are produced by another
source animal or human.

Answer 29

PASSIVE

Question 30

Wellness is an integrated method of functioning oriented toward maximizing the individual’s potential.

Answer 30

Dunn’s High-level wellness grid

Question 31

A graphical illustration of the well–being concept first proposed by Travis. It
proposes that well–being includes mental and emotional health, as well as the presence or absence of illness.

Answer 31

TRAVIS’ ILLNESS – WELLNESS CONTINUUM

Question 32

A physiological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors.

Answer 32

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

Question 33

human needs are ranked on an ascending scale according to how essential the
needs are Physiological Needs, Safety and Security, Love and Belongingness, self-esteem, and Self-Actualization.

Answer 33

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Question 34

o each factor constantly interacts with the others
o when in balance, health is maintained
o when not in balance, disease occurs
It is used primarily to predict illness rather than promote wellness.
o model is composed of three dynamic, interactive elements.

Answer 34

Agent – Host Environmental Model

Question 35

People are viewed as physiological systems
with related functions. Health is identified by the absence of signs & symptoms of disease or injury.

Answer 35

Clinical model

Question 36

Health is a creative process; disease is a
failure in adaptation. Treatment aims to restore the ability of a person to adapt and cope. Extreme good health is a flexible
adaptation to the environment and interaction with the environment to maximum advantage. The focus is stability, along with growth and change.

Answer 36

Adaptive model

Question 37

Health is the ability to do societal
roles. People are considered healthy if they can fulfill their roles even if they have a clinical illness. Sickness in this model
is the inability to perform one’s work role.

Answer 37

Role Performance model

Question 38

Considers emotional, spiritual, and
other dimensions that are important aspects of physical wellness. This model attempts to create conditions that promote a patient’s optimal level of health. Using the nursing process, nurses consider patients to be the ultimate experts concerning their own health and respect patient’s subjective
experiences.

Answer 38

Holistic Health model

Question 39

o Biologic Dimension – genetic makeup – -up, sex, age, and developmental level
o Psychological Dimension – mind-body
interactions and self-concept
o Cognitive Dimension – lifestyle choices, spiritual and religious beliefs.

Answer 39

INTERNAL VARIABLES

Question 40

o Physical Environment
o Standards of living
o Family and Cultural Beliefs
o Social Support Networks

Answer 40

EXTERNAL VARIABLES