TFN Post Test Concept of Health Flashcards
Memorize
Is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
WHO,1948
conceptualized health as the ability to
maintain normal roles.
Talcott Parsons (1951)
defined health as a dynamic state of being in which developmental and behavioral
the potential of an individual is realized to the fullest extent possible.
American Nurses Association (ANA)
suggest that for many people, conditions
of life rather than pathological states are what define health.
Pender et al (2006)
are activities related to maintaining,
attaining or regaining good health and preventing illness.
o EXAMPLES: Sleeping early for 8hrs-10hrs,
immunization to protect the body from diseases,
eating fruits and vegetables.
Positive health behaviors
are practices actually or potentially
harmful to one’s health.
EXAMPLES: smoking and drinking alcohol,
taking harmful or prohibited drugs, consuming
unhealthy foods
Negative health behaviors
An individual’s adaptive responses cannot maintain physical and emotional balance, which subsequently results in an impairment of functional abilities.
ILLNESS
- involves ways an individual describes, monitors, and interprets
the symptoms, take remedial actions and use healthcare
systems. - In other words, it is how people react, manage, and perceive to be
ill
ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
is the quality or state of being in good health, especially as an
actively sought goal.
WELLNESS
It is the ability to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.
IMMUNITY
characterized by severe symptoms over a relatively short period of time, usually reversible
ACUTE
o gradual that lasts a long time, irreversible
o usually, 6 months or longer
o cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, arthritis
CHRONIC
STAGES OF ILLNESS (Suchman, 1979)
STAGE 1: SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE
STAGE 2: ASSUMPTION OF THE SICK ROLE
STAGE 3: MEDICAL CARE CONTACT
STAGE 4: DEPENDENT OF CLIENT ROLE
STAGE 5: RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION
- The person is aware that something is wrong
- Recognizing one or more symptoms such as fever, rashes, pain, etc.
STAGE 1: SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE
- If symptoms persist and become severe, the person assumes the sick role
- Sick people seek validation from family and social groups.
STAGE 2: ASSUMPTION OF THE SICK ROLE
- The sick person seeks out a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment.
- May give up independence.
STAGE 3: MEDICAL CARE CONTACT
- The client depends on healthcare professionals to relieve symptoms.
- Requires assistance in carrying out the activities of daily living; needs emotional support.
STAGE 4: DEPENDENT OF CLIENT ROLE
- The client may return to health at a higher level of functioning,
- Resumes normal activities and responsibilities.
STAGE 5: RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION
IMPACT OF ILLNESS TO THE CLIENT & THE FAMILY
- ON CLIENT
o Behavioral and emotional changes
o Changes in self-concept and body image
o Lifestyle changes
IMPACT OF ILLNESS TO THE CLIENT & THE FAMILY
- ON THE FAMILY
o Role changes
o Task reassignments and extra demands on time
o Increased stress and conflict
o Financial problems
o Loneliness
o Change in social customs
SIX LINKS IN THE CHAIN OF INFECTION
Infectious agent: The microorganism or bug that causes disease, such as a virus, bacteria, parasite, or fungus
Reservoir: The environment or habitat where the microorganism lives and multiplies, such as people, animals, food, soil, or water
Portal of exit: How the microorganism leaves the reservoir, such as through the mouth, skin, or genitourinary tract
Mode of transmission: How the microorganism is spread from one person or place to another, such as through contact, droplets, or other means
Portal of entry: How the infection enters another individual, such as through the mouth
Susceptible host: The person who is vulnerable to infection
3 LEVELS OF PREVENTIVE CARE
- PRIMARY PREVENTION
o seeks to prevent a disease or condition
o applied to clients considered physically and
emotionally healthy. - SECONDARY PREVENTION
o focuses on individuals experiencing health problems
or illnesses and are at risk for developing complications
or worsening conditions. - TERTIARY PREVENTION
o occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or irreversible.
o involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration.
- HEALTH PROMOTION
o Health education programs
o Immunizations
o Nutritional programs
o Physical fitness activities - SPECIFIC PROTECTION:
o Immunization for influenza
o Hearing protection in occupational settings
o Use of seatbelts and bike helmets
o Control on the use of hazardous products
PRIMARY PREVENTION
- EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PROMPT TREATMENT
o Screening activities
o Selective examinations - DISABILITY LIMITATIONS
o Adequate treatment to arrest the disease process
o Provision of facilities to limit disability & death
SECONDARY PREVENTION
- RESTORATION & REHABILITATION
o Provision of hospital & community facilities for retraining and education to maximize the use of remaining capacities. (Use of wheelchair and perform ADLs independently for a stroke victim
o The goal of returning individuals to OLOF (Optimum Level of Functioning)
TERTIARY PREVENTION
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
- ACTIVE
o Natural
o Artificial - PASSIVE (acquired)
o Natural
o Artificial
Antibodies are produced by the body in response to an antigen.
ACTIVE
Antibodies are produced by another
source animal or human.
PASSIVE
Antibodies are produced by another
source animal or human.
PASSIVE
Wellness is an integrated method of functioning oriented toward maximizing the individual’s potential.
Dunn’s High-level wellness grid
A graphical illustration of the well–being concept first proposed by Travis. It
proposes that well–being includes mental and emotional health, as well as the presence or absence of illness.
TRAVIS’ ILLNESS – WELLNESS CONTINUUM
A physiological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors.
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
human needs are ranked on an ascending scale according to how essential the
needs are Physiological Needs, Safety and Security, Love and Belongingness, self-esteem, and Self-Actualization.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
o each factor constantly interacts with the others
o when in balance, health is maintained
o when not in balance, disease occurs
It is used primarily to predict illness rather than promote wellness.
o model is composed of three dynamic, interactive elements.
Agent – Host Environmental Model
People are viewed as physiological systems
with related functions. Health is identified by the absence of signs & symptoms of disease or injury.
Clinical model
Health is a creative process; disease is a
failure in adaptation. Treatment aims to restore the ability of a person to adapt and cope. Extreme good health is a flexible
adaptation to the environment and interaction with the environment to maximum advantage. The focus is stability, along with growth and change.
Adaptive model
Health is the ability to do societal
roles. People are considered healthy if they can fulfill their roles even if they have a clinical illness. Sickness in this model
is the inability to perform one’s work role.
Role Performance model
Considers emotional, spiritual, and
other dimensions that are important aspects of physical wellness. This model attempts to create conditions that promote a patient’s optimal level of health. Using the nursing process, nurses consider patients to be the ultimate experts concerning their own health and respect patient’s subjective
experiences.
Holistic Health model
o Biologic Dimension – genetic makeup – -up, sex, age, and developmental level
o Psychological Dimension – mind-body
interactions and self-concept
o Cognitive Dimension – lifestyle choices, spiritual and religious beliefs.
INTERNAL VARIABLES
o Physical Environment
o Standards of living
o Family and Cultural Beliefs
o Social Support Networks
EXTERNAL VARIABLES
