biochemistry LONG QUIZ Flashcards
memorize
The study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other. It also deals with the application of the principles and methods of chemistry to the fields of biology and physiology
Biochemistry
Processes occurring under normal conditions are physiological; hence the term _________
Physiological Chemistry
Those occurring under abnormal conditions are pathological. They fall under _________
Clinical Chemistry
______________________ is a chemical substance found within a living organism
Biochemical substance
_____________ include water and inorganic salt
Bioinorganic substance
_______________ include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
Bioorganic substances
Name major types of biochemical substance: at least 3
H2O-70%
Inorganic salts-5%
Proteins-15%
Lipids-8%
Carbohydrates-2%
Nucleic Acids-2%
three principal areas of biochemistry
- Structural Chemistry
- Metabolism
- Molecular Genetics
looks into the relationship of the molecular structure of biochemical substances to their biological function
Structural Chemistry
Studies the totality of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.
Metabolism
Seeks to understand the chemistry of the processes and substances that store and transmit biological information.
Molecular Genetics
Living systems are made up of specialized organic compounds known as ______________.
biomolecules
Some biomolecules, such as 1__________, 2__________, and 3___________, form long chains of building blocks (4_________).
1carbohydrates, 2 proteins, 3 nucleic acids, 4 polymers
Biomolecules are classified into 4 major division
carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Only _______ are considered to be non-polymeric biomolecules
lipids
Building block of the biomolecule:
Monosaccharide (simple sugars)
Carbohydrates
Building block of the biomolecule:
fatty acids and glycerol (most of the time)
Lipids
Building block of the biomolecule:
Amino
Protein
Building block of the biomolecule:
Nucleotide
Nucleic acids
Physiological Roles of the biomolecule:
-the main source of energy for the body
-involved cell recognition
-plays structural roles in plants and some animals
Carbohydrates
Physiological Roles of the biomolecule:
-long-term energy storage of the body
-an important component of the cell membrane
-gives palatability to food
Lipids
Physiological Roles of the biomolecule:
-involves in almost all physiological processes, such as catalysis and transport, and has structural functions
-can also be a source of energy
Protein
Physiological Roles of the biomolecule:
-involved in heredity
-responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell
Nucleic acids
Carbon can form as many as _____ _______ ______ by sharing each of the four electrons in its outer shell with electrons contributed by other atoms.
four covalent bonds
The prevalence of C is due to its unparalleled versatility in forming stable 1______________ through 2________________.
1 covalent bond, 2 electron-pair sharing
Atoms commonly found in covalent linkage to carbon in biomolecules are _______ itself, _________, ________, and _________.
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
1_________ can form one 2______________ by contributing its single electron to the formation of an electron pair
1 Hydrogen, 2 covalent bond
1__________, with two unpaired electrons in its outer shell, can participate in 2________________
1 Oxygen, 2 two covalent bonds
1__________, which has three unshared electrons, can form ________________
1 Nitrogen, 2 three covalent bonds.
All biomolecules start from __________ precursors.
inorganic
The biomolecules are built according to a structural hierarchy.
Simple molecules are the units for building complex structures.
The major precursors for the formation of biomolecules are ______, _______________, and ______ ________ _______ _________
water, carbon dioxide, three inorganic nitrogen compound
What are the three inorganic nitrogen compounds?
ammonium(NH4+), nitrate(NO3-) and dinitrogen(N2).
___________ __________ assimilate and transform these inorganic precursors through ever more complex levels of biomolecular order.
Metabolic processes
In the first step, precursors are converted to __________
metabolites
Through the covalent linkage of these building blocks (polymerization), the ______________ are constructed
macromolecules
Interactions among macromolecules lead to the next level of structural organization, ___________ ___________.
supramolecular complexes
Examples of these supramolecular assemblies are :
Multifunctional enzyme complexes, ribosomes, chromosomes, and cytoskeletal elements.
These supramolecular assemblies are an interesting contrast to their components because their structural integrity is maintained by __________ ________, not by covalent bonds.
noncovalent forces
Noncovalent forces include ________ ______, _________ _________,_____ ______ ______ _______, and ___________ __________ between macromolecules
hydrogen bonds, ionic attractions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions
In __________ (________________), these supramolecular complexes are further organized into what is known as _________.
1 eukaryotes(higher organisms), 2 organelles
Organelles share two attribute
They are cellular inclusions, usually membrane-bound, and they are dedicated to important cellular tasks.
____________ define the boundaries of cells and organelles.
Membranes
considered to be the basic unit of life
Cells
The ____ is the simplest functional unit of a living organism
Cell
Two Types of Cells
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes contain _________ cells
prokaryotic
While eukaryotes have _________ cells
eukaryotic
The simplest way to distinguish the two types of cells is that a prokaryotic cell contains __ ____-_____ _______, whereas the opposite is true for a eukaryotic cell
no well-defined nucleus
__________ are mostly bacteria
Prokaryotes
The exterior of a prokaryotic cell has three components: _____________, _________________, ____________________
a cell wall, an outer membrane, and a plasma membrane
_____________ are animals, plants, fungi, and protists
Eukaryotes
You are an example of a __________
Eukaryote
Eukaryotic organisms may be either ___________ or ____________.
unicellular or multicellular
In general, eukaryotic cells contain much more _______ _______ than prokaryotic cells.
genetic material
Function of Water as Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
- Water acts as a transport medium across membranes, carrying.
- Water helps maintain the temperature of the body.
- Water acts as a solvent (carrying dissolved chemicals) in the digestive and waste excretion systems.
- Nearly all biological molecules assume their shapes and, for their functions, In response, set the physical and chemical properties of water.
A _____ ______ must be maintained within the body
water balance
If the body’s water loss significantly exceeds the intake, the body experiences ___________.
dehydration
______ : (fluid retention in tissues)
edema
________-______is a non-covalent interaction. It is a special case of a dipole-dipole interaction formed between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom (hydrogen donor) and a lone pair of electrons on another electronegative atom(hydrogen acceptor).
Hydrogen-bond
One important consequence of water molecules’ polarity is that they attract one another through the formation of _______ _____.
hydrogen bonds
The oxygen atoms of aldehydes, ketones, and amides provide lone pairs of electrons that can serve as _________ _________.
hydrogen acceptors
Alcohols, carboxylic acids, and amines can serve both as__________ ___________ and __________for the formation of hydrogen bonds.
hydrogen acceptors and donors
KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT WATER:
- It is the major component of the cell and is often referred to as an inert filler in a living organism.
- Highly reactive with unusual properties that are physically and chemically different from other common liquids.
- H2O and its ionization products H+ and OH- are important factors in determining the structure and biological properties of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other cell components.
Water, when compared with other liquids such as alcohol, acetone, benzene, CHCl3, etc
a) high boiling point
b) high freezing point
c) heat of vaporization
d) specific heat
e) heat of fusion
This means that the forces of attraction between molecules (internal cohesion) in liquid water are relatively high.
PROPERTIES OF WATER OF BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
- It is a universal solvent-it is an indispensable medium for the transfer of soluble, miscible, and emulsifiable substances from one cell to another.
- It is an ideal medium for the ionization of substances and, therefore, hastens chemical reactions
- It has a high specific heat; that is, it takes up more heat to raise its temperature through one degree centigrade, thus allowing the body to store heat effectively without greatly increasing its temperature
- It possesses a high latent heat of evaporation; a large amount of heat is required to evaporate it. Each gram of water evaporated on the surface of the skin takes up around 0.58Cal of the body heat. Thus, it produces a marked cooling effect
- Lastly, it can conduct heat readily from the interior to the surface of the body so that the heat produced during metabolic activities is released and not accumulated.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OCCURRING IN LIVING MATTER
- Oxidation
-Aerobic oxidation
-Anaerobic oxidation - Reduction
- Hydrolysis
- Condensation
- Tautomerism or Isomeric Transformation
Most of the energy liberated by living matter is derived from the ________ of organic substances such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Oxidation
Takes place in the presence of free oxygen. eg. 2Zn + O2 2ZnO
Aerobic oxidation
Takes place in the absence of free oxygen. In this case, the substance undergoes oxidation either by a loss of hydrogen, as in the oxidation of lactic acid to pyruvic acid, or by loss of electrons (gain of valence)
Anaerobic oxidation
Just the reverse of oxidation. This is brought about by either loss of oxygen or by gain of hydrogen or electrons. Remember redox reactions?
Reduction
This is the union of a substance with one or more molecules of water. Through ________, large molecules are broken down into smaller and simpler forms. The significance of this reaction in digestion is quite obvious.
Hydrolysis
In this reaction, simple fragments unite with one another to form a more complex compound. The synthesis of complex substances like glycogen and tissue
Condensation
Is the intramolecular arrangement of atoms within a molecule leading to the formation of a new substance having distinctive properties of its own? e.g., Transformation of glucose into galactose, a necessary constituent in the formation of milk sugar (lactose)
Tautomerism or Isomeric Transformation
There are other chemical reactions taking place in the body, such as those involved in the detoxification processes. Among them are:
Methylation, Demethylation, Deamination, Decarboxylation
What are proteins made of
Amino acids
What are carbohydrates made of
Simple sugars, Monosaccharides
What are nucleic acids made of
Nucleotides
What are lipids made of
Fatty acids and Glycerols
What kind of sugar is found in milk
lactose
What kind of sugar is in fruits
fructose
What does the eucaryotic ribosome contain
Four different RNA molecules and at least 70 unique proteins.
