organic chemistry Flashcards
Memorize
Atoms form chemical bonds to achieve ______
stability
The electrons in the outermost shell _________ are involved in chemical bonding.
(valence electrons)
In principle, an atom becomes stable when its valence shell is already occupied with 8 electrons _______.
(Octet rule)
Electrostatic attraction between “ions” formed when a metal gives off electrons for a non-metal
IONIC BOND
Attraction is formed when electrons of non-metals are shared with one another.
COVALENT BOND
Early chemists believed in __________
Vitalism Theory
Only living things can synthesize organic compounds with the intervention of a _______
Vital Force
In 1828, 1_________ was able to synthesize 2_____, a compound found in 3_______, in his laboratory using 4___________, an inorganic substance.
1 Friedrich Wohler
2 Urea
3 Human Urine
4 ammonium cyanate
Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, those that contain ______ and other elements (6 Missing).
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens
Composed of carbon and a few other elements (H, O, N, S, P, and halogens)
Organic Compounds
Composed entirely of covalent bonds
Organic Compounds
It is composed of almost all kinds of elements
Inorganic Compounds
Mostly ionic bonds
Inorganic Compounds
May be gases, liquids, or solids with low melting points
Organic Compounds
Mostly insoluble in water and soluble in non-polar solvents
Organic Compounds
Usually, solids with a high melting point
Inorganic Compounds
Mostly soluble in water and insoluble in non-polar solvents
Inorganic Compounds
When soluble in water, solutions do not conduct electricity.
Organic Compounds
electricityCombustible and produces carbon (soot) when burned
Organic Compounds
Chemical reactions are usually very slow.
Organic Compounds
Aqueous solutions conduct electricity.
Inorganic Compounds
Very few are combustible and do not form carbon when burned
Inorganic Compounds
Chemical reactions are often very fast
Inorganic Compounds
Carbon can form 4 strong covalent bonds _______
(tetravalency)
Carbon can form multiple bonds ________________
up until the triple bond
Carbon can __________ with itself to form long linear chains, branched chains, and rings.
catenate
A carbon atom in an organic compound can be classified according to its _____________
degree of substitution
These are common and specific arrangements of atoms that impart predictable reactivity and properties to a molecule.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Single bonds from carbon atoms. The names for specific compounds have an ”-ane” ending.
ALKANES
Contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The names for specific compounds have an ”-ene” ending.
ALKENES
Contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The names for specific compounds have an ”-yne” ending.
ALKYNES
A special class of hydrocarbon that contains a special type of ring. (Benzene ring). Compounds containing these rings are called aromatic hydrocarbon
ARENES
Contains other elements other than carbon and hydrogen. The group of atoms containing the other element is considered the functional group. H and C, which are not part of the functional group, are called the alkyl group and are always denoted as “R.”
HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
The halogen replaces hydrogen. It has a generic formula of R-X where X=Halogen.
….H……H
….|…….|
H-C-H-C-Cl
….|……|
….H…..H
ALKYL HALIDES
These compounds contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) to a saturated carbon. Generic formula is R-OH.
….H……H
….|…….|
H-C-H-C-OH
….|…….|
….H…..H
ALCOHOLS
What is R
Saturated Carbon or
….H…..H
….|……|
H-C-H-C-H
….|……|
….H…..H
These compounds contain the functional group sulfhydryl group (-SH), which has the generic formula R-SH.
….H……H
….|…….|
H-C-H-C-SH
….|…….|
….H……H
THIOLS
Contains an oxygen between an alkyl group or phenyl ring. It has a general formula of R-O-R’.
….H……H…..H
….|…….|……|
H-C-H-C-O-C-H
….|…….|……|
….H……H…..H
ETHERS
It contains an amino group (NH)
H
..H-C-N-H
..|..|
H..H
AMINE
Both of these have the carbonyl group
(-C=O)
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
Differentiate ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
Aldehydes are
….H…..O
….|……║
H-C-H-C-H
….|
….H
While Ketones are
….H…..O……H
….|……║……|
H-C-H-C-H-C-H
….|……………|
….H ………….H
Contains the ______ group, the group mentioned:
O
║
…..-C-OH
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
It contains the _____ group, the group mentioned:
O
║
….-C-O
ESTERS
The –OH in the carboxyl group is replaced with an amino group.
O
║
-C-NH2
AMIDE
Knowledge of functional groups is very important in drug design research. Researchers study the incorporation or derivation of different functional groups in a drug to ensure its effectiveness.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND DRUG DESIGN
