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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Atoms form chemical bonds to achieve ______

A

stability

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2
Q

The electrons in the outermost shell _________ are involved in chemical bonding.

A

(valence electrons)

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3
Q

In principle, an atom becomes stable when its valence shell is already occupied with 8 electrons _______.

A

(Octet rule)

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4
Q

Electrostatic attraction between “ions” formed when a metal gives off electrons for a non-metal

A

IONIC BOND

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5
Q

Attraction is formed when electrons of non-metals are shared with one another.

A

COVALENT BOND

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6
Q

Early chemists believed in __________

A

Vitalism Theory

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7
Q

Only living things can synthesize organic compounds with the intervention of a _______

A

Vital Force

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8
Q

In 1828, 1_________ was able to synthesize 2_____, a compound found in 3_______, in his laboratory using 4___________, an inorganic substance.

A

1 Friedrich Wohler
2 Urea
3 Human Urine
4 ammonium cyanate

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9
Q

Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, those that contain ______ and other elements (6 Missing).

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens

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10
Q

Composed of carbon and a few other elements (H, O, N, S, P, and halogens)

A

Organic Compounds

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11
Q

Composed entirely of covalent bonds

A

Organic Compounds

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12
Q

It is composed of almost all kinds of elements

A

Inorganic Compounds

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13
Q

Mostly ionic bonds

A

Inorganic Compounds

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14
Q

May be gases, liquids, or solids with low melting points

A

Organic Compounds

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15
Q

Mostly insoluble in water and soluble in non-polar solvents

A

Organic Compounds

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16
Q

Usually, solids with a high melting point

A

Inorganic Compounds

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17
Q

Mostly soluble in water and insoluble in non-polar solvents

A

Inorganic Compounds

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18
Q

When soluble in water, solutions do not conduct electricity.

A

Organic Compounds

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19
Q

electricityCombustible and produces carbon (soot) when burned

A

Organic Compounds

20
Q

Chemical reactions are usually very slow.

A

Organic Compounds

21
Q

Aqueous solutions conduct electricity.

A

Inorganic Compounds

22
Q

Very few are combustible and do not form carbon when burned

A

Inorganic Compounds

23
Q

Chemical reactions are often very fast

A

Inorganic Compounds

24
Q

Carbon can form 4 strong covalent bonds _______

A

(tetravalency)

25
Q

Carbon can form multiple bonds ________________

A

up until the triple bond

26
Q

Carbon can __________ with itself to form long linear chains, branched chains, and rings.

A

catenate

27
Q

A carbon atom in an organic compound can be classified according to its _____________

A

degree of substitution

28
Q

These are common and specific arrangements of atoms that impart predictable reactivity and properties to a molecule.

A

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

29
Q

Single bonds from carbon atoms. The names for specific compounds have an ”-ane” ending.

A

ALKANES

30
Q

Contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The names for specific compounds have an ”-ene” ending.

A

ALKENES

31
Q

Contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The names for specific compounds have an ”-yne” ending.

A

ALKYNES

32
Q

A special class of hydrocarbon that contains a special type of ring. (Benzene ring). Compounds containing these rings are called aromatic hydrocarbon

A

ARENES

33
Q

Contains other elements other than carbon and hydrogen. The group of atoms containing the other element is considered the functional group. H and C, which are not part of the functional group, are called the alkyl group and are always denoted as “R.”

A

HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES

34
Q

The halogen replaces hydrogen. It has a generic formula of R-X where X=Halogen.
….H……H
….|…….|
H-C-H-C-Cl
….|……|
….H…..H

A

ALKYL HALIDES

35
Q

These compounds contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) to a saturated carbon. Generic formula is R-OH.
….H……H
….|…….|
H-C-H-C-OH
….|…….|
….H…..H

A

ALCOHOLS

36
Q

What is R

A

Saturated Carbon or
….H…..H
….|……|
H-C-H-C-H
….|……|
….H…..H

37
Q

These compounds contain the functional group sulfhydryl group (-SH), which has the generic formula R-SH.
….H……H
….|…….|
H-C-H-C-SH
….|…….|
….H……H

A

THIOLS

38
Q

Contains an oxygen between an alkyl group or phenyl ring. It has a general formula of R-O-R’.
….H……H…..H
….|…….|……|
H-C-H-C-O-C-H
….|…….|……|
….H……H…..H

A

ETHERS

39
Q

It contains an amino group (NH)
H
..H-C-N-H
..|..|
H..H

A

AMINE

40
Q

Both of these have the carbonyl group
(-C=O)

A

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

41
Q

Differentiate ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

A

Aldehydes are
….H…..O
….|……║
H-C-H-C-H
….|
….H
While Ketones are
….H…..O……H
….|……║……|
H-C-H-C-H-C-H
….|……………|
….H ………….H

42
Q

Contains the ______ group, the group mentioned:
O
║
…..-C-OH

A

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

43
Q

It contains the _____ group, the group mentioned:
O
║
….-C-O

A

ESTERS

44
Q

The –OH in the carboxyl group is replaced with an amino group.
O
║
-C-NH2

A

AMIDE

45
Q

Knowledge of functional groups is very important in drug design research. Researchers study the incorporation or derivation of different functional groups in a drug to ensure its effectiveness.

A

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND DRUG DESIGN

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